青藏铁路钢-混凝土组合结构低温试验研究

针对钢-混凝土结合梁在青藏铁路上的应用,模拟青藏线的温度环境,用专门研制的低温设备(最低温度能保持在-50 ℃以下),对由14MnNbq钢构件、φ22栓钉和C50混凝土组成的钢-混凝土组合件作了低温疲劳试验.试验中,考虑了钢板的轧向和环境温度变化等因素的影响,研究了低温下φ22栓钉的破坏形式和疲劳承载力等问题,并将低温下的试验结果同常温下的试验结果进行了对比.研究表明:同等荷载下,φ22栓钉在-50 ℃～0 ℃的低温环境下疲劳寿命比室温下长,且有温度越低,疲劳性能越好的趋势;钢板轧向对栓钉疲劳寿命影响很大;14MnNbq钢材质优良,转变温度低于-50 ℃,-50 ℃下,栓钉焊在14MnNbq钢板上对钢板材质无影响.采用FZS型温度数据自动测试系统,模拟青藏线昼夜降温、升温过程,对钢与混凝土的温差做了测试.根据测试结果,青藏铁路结合梁设计中钢与混凝土温差可按15 ℃取值.图6,表1,参16.     

高温下栓钉剪力连接件受力性能的试验

为研究高温下栓钉的抗剪性能,对24个栓钉推出试件进行了高温下推出试验.试验考虑了平板、压型钢板肋与钢梁垂直和压型钢板肋与钢梁平行三种混凝土板型式,考察了栓钉在不同温度下不同混凝土板型式中的受力特点和破坏模式.试验结果表明:平板混凝土试件和压型钢板肋与钢梁平行的试件均为焊缝上侧栓钉剪断破坏,而压型钢板肋与钢梁垂直的试件在温度较低时为混凝土拔出破坏,温度较高时转为栓钉剪断破坏.另外,三种混凝土板型式中栓钉的抗剪承载力和刚度均随温度的升高而降低,且平板混凝土试件和压型钢板肋与钢梁平行的试件中栓钉的承载力比压型钢板肋与钢梁垂直的试件中栓钉要高.通过对试验数据的拟合,提出了高温下栓钉抗剪承载力的计算公式.     

基于断裂力学的组合梁栓钉疲劳性能

为研究钢-混凝土组合梁中的栓钉在疲劳荷载作用下的强度及寿命等问题,在有限元静力分析的基础上,根据断裂力学的基本原理,采用合理的假设,推导出了组合梁栓钉的疲劳寿命计算公式。分析结果表明:初始缺陷和应力幅对栓钉的疲劳寿命影响最大,应力上限对栓钉疲劳寿命的影响较小。建议在实际工程中栓钉的应力幅控制在极限抗剪强度的20%以下,应力上限控制在极限抗剪强度的70%以下。     

弹性混凝土与钢组合梁的疲劳性能分析及寿命预测

基于8个组合梁试件的疲劳试验结果,采用有限元计算与名义应力法相结合的方法,提出用于模拟滑移和疲劳破坏过程的精细有限元模型和计算方法.研究了混凝土中不同橡胶掺量对组合梁极限承载力、最大滑移、栓钉应力及破坏特征的影响,得到相应的应力-疲劳寿命曲线.结果表明,简支组合梁的疲劳破坏首先发生在端部栓钉,破坏过程为栓钉依次断裂.虽然疲劳断裂为脆性破坏,但组合梁在疲劳荷载作用下的整体破坏具有一定的延性.使用弹性混凝土代替普通混凝土后,组合梁的极限承载力和刚度略有降低,但延性有所提高;当橡胶掺量为5%,10%和15%时,疲劳寿命分别提高约15%,64%和125%.基于非线性数值分析得到的组合梁极限承载力和疲劳寿命与试验所测结果吻合较好,为组合梁的抗疲劳设计提供了参考.     

剪力连接件静载和疲劳试验研究

共进行了9 只栓钉连接件和6 只带孔钢板连接件的疲劳和静载破坏试验研究, 分析了混凝土材料类型和强度等级、连接件类型、横向配筋等参数对连接件疲劳性能和极限承载力的影响,建立了相应的疲劳强度与极限承载力计算公式.     

钢与钢纤维混凝土组合梁栓钉连接件的性能试验

对钢与普通混凝土组合梁的栓钉连接件和钢与钢纤维混凝土组合梁的栓钉连接件进行推出试验.研究钢与钢纤维混凝土组合梁栓钉连接件的抗剪性能,并和钢与普通混凝土组合梁的栓钉连接件的抗剪性能进行对比.通过比较分析发现:钢与钢纤维混凝土组合梁栓钉连接件的抗剪承载力高于钢与普通混凝土组合梁栓钉连接件的抗剪承载力;钢与钢纤维混凝土组合梁栓钉连接件的极限承载力对应的滑移值明显大于钢与普通混凝土组合梁栓钉连接件的极限承载力对应的滑移值.对钢与钢纤维混凝土组合梁栓钉连接件抗剪承载能力的理论计算提出建议.     

重复荷载作用后栓钉连接件的剩余力学性能

为研究钢-混凝土组合结构中栓钉连接件在疲劳荷载作用后的力学性能退化规律,基于标准推出试验方法,对共计11个栓钉连接件的推出试件进行了三组试验,分别为推出试件的静载破坏试验、完全疲劳破坏试验以及经历一定疲劳荷载循环次数后的静载破坏试验.在得到栓钉推出试件的静力承载力和疲劳寿命的基础上,分析总结了不同疲劳荷载循环次数后的栓钉推出试件的抗剪承载力、抗剪刚度、延性等力学性能的变化情况,并建立了考虑力学性能退化的栓钉荷载-滑移本构模型.结果表明:(1)栓钉连接件在静载破坏、疲劳破坏以及疲劳后静载破坏下呈现三种不同的截面破坏特征;(2)疲劳荷载作用下,栓钉推出试件的各项剩余力学指标均呈非线性退化,退化趋势显著;(3)文中所建立的栓钉荷载-滑移本构模型,形式简单,便于应用,且计算值与试验值吻合良好.     

钢-薄层UHPC轻型组合桥面结构抗弯疲劳及剩余承载力试验研究

为探明栓钉间距对钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构受力性能的影响规律,完成了3个钢-UHPC组合梁试件变幅疲劳试验,主要试验变量为栓钉间距（100 mm、150 mm、300 mm）.在疲劳试验中,重点考察了栓钉间距对轻型组合桥面结构疲劳性能的影响,并关注了栓钉焊趾处钢面板受拉-短栓钉受剪耦合作用下的疲劳性能;而在疲劳后的剩余承载力试验中,探明了栓钉间距对疲劳后UHPC裂缝发展规律及抗弯承载力的影响.疲劳试验结果表明,当栓钉间距为300 mm时,单位荷载下的钢-UHPC界面滑移明显高于其他两个试件,但在疲劳加载过程中,界面滑移增长并不明显;对于U肋受压区底板应变,当栓钉间距为100 mm和150 mm时,整个疲劳试验过程无明显变化,而当栓钉间距为300 mm时,应变呈现微小的增大趋势;为分析试件中栓钉根部的钢面板拉-剪耦合疲劳受力状态,基于《公路钢混组合桥梁设计与施工规范》（JTG/T D64-01—2015）中的计算方法进行了分析,结果表明,该方法能够获得偏保守的计算结果.此外,疲劳后的剩余承载力试验表明,栓钉间距越小,试件的塑性变形能力越强,截面的抗弯承载力相应提高.分别按弹塑性理论和塑性理论计算了试件的剩余承载力,发现试件虽然经历了疲劳加载,但测承载力仍大于计算承载力,且基于塑性理论的计算结果更接近实测结果.     

考虑疲劳损伤的栓钉式组合梁剩余承载力计算方法

为研究钢-混组合梁在疲劳荷载下剩余承载力退化规律，引入考虑栓钉初始缺陷的基于断裂力学的承载力退化模型及经典钢梁、混凝土板承载力退化模型，并通过考虑不同疲劳荷载后退化为非完全抗剪结构的剩余极限承载力计算模型，建立了组合梁在常幅疲劳荷载下的剩余承载力预测计算方法，通过典型5组试验梁疲劳试验数据的对比验证了所提出的预测方法的有效性，在此基础上对关键影响因素进行了参数分析.结果表明：本文提出的承载力计算方法具有较高的准确性，误差控制在8%以内；疲劳加载下，组合梁各构件强度以不同速率发生退化，栓钉最快，钢梁次之，混凝土板最慢，且加载前期组合梁承载力退化程度由钢梁主导，后期由栓钉连接件主导；承载力退化速率随着加载次数的增加而不断增加，前期增长较缓，基本呈线性分布，后期增加迅速，呈指数型分布，其后期承载力衰减占总衰减的比例可高达70%以上；栓钉间距（抗剪连接度）、栓钉初始缺陷、荷载幅值是控制疲劳承载力退化的重要因素，需在工程设计中加以控制以满足桥梁正常运营.     

桥梁用钢14MnNbq焊接接头的疲劳设计曲线

通过对14MnNbq钢焊接接头的疲劳试验,得到了循环应力-应变方程、应变寿命曲线以及疲劳设计曲线,并将14MnNbq钢焊接接头疲劳设计曲线与ASME、BS5500中相应的曲线进行了比较。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-