Solidification characteristics of Pb-Sb hypereutectic alloy within ultrasonic field

The solidification of Pb-16%Sb hypereutectic alloy is investigated within ultrasonic field with a fre-quency of 15 kHz. It is found that the ultrasonic field promotes crystal nucleation and terminates the further bulk undercooling of the alloy melt. Theoretical analysis shows that the cavitation effect and the forced bulk vibration are the main factors that reduce the undercooling level. With the increase of ul-trasound intensity, the primary (Sb) phase experiences a growth mode transition from faceted to non-faceted branched growth, and the macrosegregation of primary (Sb) phase is gradually sup-pressed. In addition, the microstructures of Pb-Sb eutectic exhibit a conspicuous coarsening with in-creasing ultrasound intensity, and a structural transition of “lamellar eutectic—anomalous eutectic” occurs when ultrasound intensity rises up to 1.6 W/cm2. The ultrasonic field also changes the solute distribution adjacent to the solidification front, which lowers the Pb contents in primary (Sb) phase.     

声悬浮条件下Ag-Cu共晶合金的无容器凝固研究

采用声悬浮技术结合激光加热,实现了Ag-Cu共晶合金的无容器熔化与凝固,并通过CMOS图像分析与数值计算,研究了声悬浮过程中合金熔体的温度场分布特性.由于声辐射压作用,合金熔体在声悬浮条件下呈现扁球或圆饼形,表面温度沿赤道点到极点方向升高.凝固样品表面出现涟漪状波纹,统计分析发现,该表面波纹出现在大变形(a/b>2.1)的样品上.波纹中心为共晶形核点,且波纹传播方向与共晶生长方向相同.分析表明,表面形核以及形核后辐射推移的固液界面是形成表面波纹的先决条件.声场的增强能够促进悬浮样品在表面形核.     

液体超声驻波声场实验研究

研究了以蒸馏水为介质的驻波声场对微小颗粒群的作用,观察了颗粒群的运动规律,并应用声流和声辐射压力理论对其进行分析.运用谱分析方法,探讨了驻波声场中的空化现象.结果表明,大部分颗粒在声压波腹处聚集,而在声压波节处明显出现了高次谐波,说明空化效应发生在声压波节处.     

水听器法测量功率超声振动珩磨空化声场分布

为了直接、简便地研究功率超声振动珩磨作用下的空化效应,对其声场建立数学模型,采用水听器对功率超声振动空化声场参数进行了定点测量,对数学模型所得到的仿真结果进行验证。为了研究流体介质中超声空化声场的分布情况,采用水听器法对不同功率与不同种类液体介质中的辐射超声场进行了多点声压测量。通过对比试验数据分析发现,声波沿换能器截面方向成对称分布,沿换能器轴向方向随距离的增加而衰减;不同种类的液体介质也会影响声压的分布以及空化效应的强弱。该方法可以直观的评价超声振动珩磨作用下的空化声场的强度和分布情况,对后续研究超声珩磨的空化泡动力学行为以及对超声振动珩磨装置的优化设计具有一定的实际应用价值。     

施振功率与温度对工业纯铝凝固组织的影响

在工业纯铝的凝固过程中引入超声场,探讨了超声细化晶粒的机理,并具体研究了超声功率、导入声波的熔体温度区间对铸锭凝固组织的影响规律. 实验结果表明:铝熔体经超声处理后,凝固组织均得到显著细化,这主要取决于超声的空化效应和声流效应;超声功率增大时,组织细化程度提高,功率达到170W时细化效果最好,继续增大功率则细化作用减弱;施振温度区间对凝固组织的影响也有相似的规律,在合理的温度导入声波,晶粒能细化到最佳程度.     

超声铸造7050铝合金的微观组织和宏观偏析规律

采用不同功率超声对铝熔体进行处理,研究超声场对7050铝合金凝固组织和宏观偏析的影响规律.结果表明:超声振动产生的空化效应和声流效应影响熔体的凝固过程,合理功率的超声能有效细化晶粒、优化组织及改善宏观溶质分布.当超声功率达到170 W时,铸锭径向宏观偏析的弱化效果最好,Zn、Mg和Cu的偏析指数分别为0.0593、0.0565和0.0319;超声功率超过170 W,溶质元素在中心区域富集量显著提高,宏观偏析程度增大.     

变幅杆式超声波声场分布测量

以某钢厂180 t钢包为原型,在钢包水模内进行超声场空化强度及声场分布分析;采用金属薄膜腐蚀法,测量研究超声空化强度及其分布,从空化角度对形成的声场分布进行探讨。实验结果表明:超声波空化场在工具杆周围以径向辐射为主,在工具杆底端的空化场呈圆锥状分布;在超声搅拌的过程中,空化泡群产生在超声波的波腹位置,产生后沿任意方向作直线运动,在运动的过程中伴随着空化泡的聚集、长大、崩溃等过程,正是因为这些剧烈的变化以及崩溃过程产生的微射流改善搅拌效果。     

Rapid solidification of acoustically levitated Al-Cu-Si eutectic alloy under laser irradiation

Al-27%Cu-5.3%Si ternary eutectic alloy was melted using a YAG laser and then solidified while being acoustically levitated. A maximum undercooling to 195 K (0.24 TL) was achieved with a cooling rate of 76 K/s. The solidification microstructure was composed of (Al+θ+Si) ternary eutectics and (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectics. During acoustic levitation, the (Al+θ+Si) ternary eutectics are refined and the (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectics have morphological diversity. On the surface of the alloys, surface oscillations and acoustic streaming promote the nucleation of the three eutectic phases and expedite the cooling process. This results in the refinement of the ternary eutectic microstructure. During experiments, the reflector decreases with increasing alloy temperature, and the levitation distance always exceeds the resonant distance. Because of the acoustic radiation pressure, the melted alloy was flattened, and deformation increases with increasing sound pressure. The maximum aspect ratio achieved was 6.64, corresponding to a sound pressure of 1.8×104 Pa.     

超声空化场的致热机制及其聚束喷射时的致热速率

分析表明,超声空化泡崩溃时的高温声冲流和高压冲击波是使塑料致热熔融的机制.采用圆锥形和圆柱形玻璃管对单束超声空化场聚束喷射时,致热速率明显加大,这是因为空化泡在声辐射压力作用下聚集于喷射空化场前峰区的密度得以提高,因而增强了空化集中的致热效果.     

气泡体积比对流体中超声声场分布的影响

当超声作用于装有液体的有限容器中时,液体中的气泡对超声波辐射具有一定阻尼作用。通过对流体在超声作用下的声场分布的比较分析,探讨气泡的体积比对流体中超声声场分布的影响。结果表明考虑空化泡在流体中引起的阻尼效应的计算结果与铝箔腐蚀结果比较相符,流体中气泡体积比对流体中超声声场分布有重要影响。在稳态线性声波波动方程基础上作进一步计算的方法只有当流体中的气泡体积比在一定的范围内才可行。     

熔体超声波处理对超强铝合金组织和性能的作用

在7055铝合金液相线625℃以上,对7055铝合金熔体进行超声波预处理后模铸,研究超声熔体预处理对7055铝合金凝固组织和力学性能的影响.基于超声波对熔体产生的空化效应,讨论了熔体中微粒超声活化成为结晶核心,促进形核和细化晶粒的作用机制.显微组织观察和力学性能测试结果表明:经过超声波预处理后,7055铝合金晶粒明显细化,退火态延伸率和抗拉强度均大幅度提高.     

Microstructural evolution of ternary Ag33Cu42Ge25 eutectic alloy inside ultrasonic field

Ultrasonic field with a frequency of 20 k Hz is introduced into the solidification process of ternary Ag33Cu42Ge25 eutectic alloy from the sample bottom to its top. The ultrasound stimulates the nucleation of alloy melt and prevents its bulk undercooling. At low ultrasound power of 250 W,the primary ε2phase in the whole alloy sample grows into non-faceted equiaxed grains, which differs to its faceted morphology of long strip under static condition. The pseudobinary(Ag t ε2) eutectic transits from dendrite shape grain composed of rod type eutectic to equiaxed chrysanthemus shape formed by lamellar structure. By contrast, the ultrasound produces no obvious variation in the morphology of ternary(Ag t Ge t ε2) eutectic except a coarsening effect. When ultrasound power rises to 500 W, divorced ternary(Ag t Ge t ε2) eutectic forms at the sample bottom. However, in the upper part, the ultrasonic energy weakens, and it only brings about prominent refining effect to primary ε2phase.The microstructural evolution mechanism is investigated on the cavitation, acoustic streaming and acoustic attenuation.     

超声功率对锡锑合金凝固组织的影响

超声处理是改善金属凝固组织、提高材料力学性能的一种有效方法。该文研究了不同功率的高能超声对锡锑合金凝固过程的影响，分析了高能超声细化凝固组织的机理。随着声声功率的增加，合金组织得到了均匀细化，偏析消除；但功率提高到一定程度，细化作用衰减。     

Microstructure transition of Al-Cu eutectic alloy during containerless rapid solidification

Droplets of Al-32.7%Cu eutectic alloy were rapidly solidified during containerless processing in a 3 m drop tube. The microstructural evolution of Al-Cu eutectic alloy depends strongly on droplet size. The eutectic growth morphology changes from regular lamellar eutectic to a kind of anomalous eutectic with the decrease in droplet size. This microstructural transition was analyzed within the current theories of eutectic growth. The results indicate that there exists a critical velocity for eutectic growth beyond which anomalous eutectic appears. The coupled zone of the Al-Cu eutectic alloy system has been calculated on the basis of the Trivedi-Magnin-Kurz(TMK) eutectic growth and the Lipton-Kurz-Trivedi(LKT)/Boettinger-Coriell-Trivedi(BCT) dendrite growth models, which provides a further interpretation for the morphological transition.     

Recalescence behavior and solidification structure of the undercooled Fe82B17Si1 eutectic alloy

By cyclic superheating incorporated with glass fluxing denucleation method the Fes2Bl7Si1 eutectic al-loy was undercooled up to △ T = 342 K. The relations between recalescence behavior and solidification structures weresystematically studied in the undercooling range of 6-342 K. Two critical undercoolings were observed: mixed eutecticwas the unique growth morphology when the undercooling was less than △T1 = 63 K; but the microstructure transformedto complete undercooled anomalous eutectic when the undercooling was greater than △T2 = 164 K. The two eutecticphases α(Fe,Si) and Fe2B conformed to the non-reciprocal nucleation effect. The boundary of the coupled zone of α(Fe, Si)-Fe2 B system shifted toward the Fe2 B side, and intersected the eutectic composition line at △ T = 154 K and△x T= 264 K, whose valley was at about △ T = 207 K.     

超声波干扰提高煤层气抽放率的机理

为了对超声波干扰提高煤储层渗透率和煤层气解吸率的作用机理进行研究,分析了空化效应对煤储层渗透率的影响.分析了超声波诱发的热效应,会引起煤-煤层气系统温度升高,煤分子和煤层气分子的热运动加剧,动能增大,促进煤层气分子脱附,提高煤层气解吸率.分析了超声波穿过煤储层时的机械作用.因此利用超声波的空化作用、热效应和机械作用等能有效提高煤储层的渗透率,提高煤层气的解吸率,这为煤层气抽放提供了一种新的思路.     

高能超声在制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料中的作用

采用高能超声处理方法制备了致密度高、增强颗粒均匀分散的ＳｉＣ／ＺＡ２２基复合材料．对复合材料制备过程中高能超声的作用机理、有效作用范围进行了分析．结果表明,在试验所用高能超声处理条件下（２０ｋＨｚ,１ｋＷ）,熔液中能造成瞬时局部高温、高压的声空化效应与具有较高速度和加速度的声流效应的协同作用,是高能超声处理技术在制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料时改善增强颗粒与基体合金润湿性,并使颗粒在合金中弥散分布的原因．而高能超声在熔体中有限的有效作用区域,要求利用该技术制备复合材料时,必须在工艺上保证熔体的各个部位均能受到高能超声的有效作用才能获得优质的复合材料     

低频低强度超声场中玻璃微管机械作用研究

玻璃微管电极是迄今为止记录神经元微弱电信号最精密的工具，目前已有许多学者将其应用在超声神经刺激研究领域，但其适用性却还未得到检验。通过粒子冲击试验研究了玻璃微管尖端的液体流动，发现频率为500 kHz的低强度超声脉冲能在其尖端激发出强烈的尖锐边缘声流，且声流的影响范围达到数百微米；并利用光学显微图像研究了超声引起的玻璃微管尖端的横向振动，发现尖玻璃微管尖端产生的横向振动幅度也可达到微米量级。试验结果表明，使用传统的玻璃微电极作为超声神经刺激的记录工具可能会对被研究的神经组织带来额外的机械刺激，从而严重干扰超声刺激的试验结果。     

液体媒质超声波电机的特性仿真与实验研究

为了深入研究液体媒质超声波电机的转速特性，通过阐述电机运行过程中将超声振动所产生的能量由液体传递给转子，从而驱动转子旋转这一能量传递的基本过程，揭示了液体中的雷诺切应力是电机声流场的驱动力．然后，以此为基础，对液体声流场进行了系统的理论解析，并将声流场同电机转速联系起来，针对电机转速与驱动频率、驱动电压、液体环境和转子半径之间的关系进行了Madab仿真与实验研究．比较分析仿真与实验结果可知，二者具有很好的一致性，验证了本文假设的合理性和仿真方法的正确性．     

Recalescence behavior and solidification structure of the undercooled Fe82B17Sii eutectic alloy

By cyclic superheating incorporated with glass fluxing denucleation method the Fe^B^Si, eutectic alloy was undercooled up to A T = 342 K. The relations between recalescence behavior and solidification structures were systematically studied in the undercooling range of 6—342 K. Two critical undercoolings were observed: mixed eutectic was the unique growth morphology when the undercooling was less than A Ti =63 K; but the microstructure transformed to complete undercooled anomalous eutectic when the undercooling was greater than AT2 = 164 K. The two eutectic phases a(Fe,Si) and Fe^B conformed to the non-reciprocal nucleation effect. The boundary of the coupled zone of a (Fe,Si)-Fe2B system shifted toward the Fe^B side, and intersected the eutectic composition line at A71 = 154 K and A71 = 264 K, whose valley was at about AT = 207 K.