高铬不锈钢堆焊合金的超细化显微组织及耐磨性

采用药芯焊丝埋弧堆焊方法制备含1.25%～1.75%C,15%～25%Cr,1.5%～1.8%V,2%～3%W和0.6%～1.0%B(质量分数)的高铬不锈钢合金,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等分析手段,研究其显微组织、表面形貌及成分分布,考察碳化钨及碳含量对高铬堆焊合金硬度和耐磨性的影响.研究结果表明,高铬堆焊合金的显微组织由α-Fe+(Cr,Fe)23C6+(Cr,Fe)7C3+WC+TiB2等组成,其中,碳化钨颗粒从药芯焊丝过渡到堆焊合金前未完全熔化,阻碍晶粒长大,并使其粒度为5～10 μm,因而,工件无预热且焊后不保温缓冷,堆焊合金没有开裂;耐磨粒磨损试验结果表明,高铬不锈钢堆焊合金的相对磨损系数为实芯焊丝H25Cr3Mo2MnV堆焊合金的5～18倍,耐磨性能好;弥散分布的碳化物颗粒强化α-Fe基体,使磨粒锲入受阻,耐磨性增强.     

Fe-Cr-C系耐磨堆焊合金研究进展

Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金具有成本低、品种多、耐磨性好等优点,是当前堆焊合金研究的重要方向之一,应用前景广阔。本文针对Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金的凝固行为、组织演变规律、焊态合金典型显微组织特征、耐磨性影响因素等研究内容进行论述,在此基础上介绍了该堆焊合金的具体工程应用,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

碳对多元合金系堆焊层硬度和组织的影响

系统地探讨了不同碳含量对C－Cr-Mo-W-V-Nb合金系堆焊焊条堆焊层焊态下和时效处理后的硬度及组织的影响规律。通过实验，初步确字了该合金系碳的质量分数范围为0．70％－0．75％，该合金系堆焊层在较高工作温度条件下仍可保持较高硬度，提高堆焊层硬度，耐磨性和抗裂性，并使之达到较好的匹配仍有待进一步探索和研究。     

载气吹送WC制备Fe-Cr-C堆焊层中增强颗粒的微观表征

通过载气吹送颗粒的方法,在堆焊过共晶Fe-Cr-C合金的同时,在该合金中浸润WC陶瓷强化相。通过场发射扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计,对铁基增强WC颗粒堆焊层的显微组织、相变规律、WC颗粒在Fe-CrC合金的熔解相转变机制以及各相的微观硬度进行测试分析。结果表明,采用堆焊同时载气吹送WC颗粒浸润堆焊层的新工艺,可以制备出含WC增强相的过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金。WC增强相与Fe-Cr-C堆焊层结合性能良好,WC颗粒表面发生了熔解扩散,形成了Fe3W3C和Fe6W6C两种η碳化物。含WC增强颗粒的过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金中,未熔WC颗粒的显微硬度为1 480HV,高于过共晶组织中初生Cr7C3的硬度1 322HV。WC增强相有利于提高过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金的耐磨性。     

Fe3Al合金的堆焊性能研究

采用钨极氩弧焊方法(GTAw),在奥氏体不锈钢基体上堆焊Fe3Al合金,考察焊接电流和预热温度等工艺参数对堆焊试验结果的影响.研究表明,工艺参数的改变对能否获得F3Al合金堆焊层有较大的影响,裂纹是堆焊Fe3Al合金时出现的主要缺陷.基于试验结果,对试验参数进行优化,得到一套在工程上行之有效的堆焊工艺及参数,并对该工艺参数下所获得的堆焊层的显微组织、相构成和显微硬度进行检测分析.     

Cr3C2颗粒增强型堆焊合金组织与性能分析

对加入Cr3C2的药芯焊丝制备的Cr3C2增强型堆焊合金组织和性能进行了分析。添加Cr3C2的自保护药芯焊丝堆焊工艺性能良好,堆焊表面少飞溅,无裂纹气孔。通过对比实验研究发现,加入Cr3C2的药芯焊丝制备的Cr3C2增强型堆焊合金组织细小,高温冲击韧性明显优于WC颗粒增强型药芯焊丝,合金组织中既有颗粒增强型药芯焊丝堆焊产生的颗粒增强相,又有高铬铸铁型药芯焊丝堆焊产生的高硬度初生碳化物,双重强化机制使堆焊层显微硬度达到含Nb高铬铸铁堆焊层的水平,平均硬度60 HRC以上。     

带堆焊层钢管焊接接头耐蚀性的电化学评定

采用电化学测试技术评价了低碳钢管管端内壁不锈钢焊条堆焊后再用相同焊条进行打底焊所得焊接接头（特别是焊接热影响区）的耐蚀性，选用两种高合金焊条M2、M6，并对堆焊金属进行热模拟试验，测定了模拟热影响区不同部位在3％NaCl介质中的阳极极化行为．结果表明，按新工艺焊接的接头代替普通碳钢焊接接头可有效地提高管道接头的使用寿命．两种焊条中，含Nb的M2耐蚀性比M6好，铌能够有效提高接头的耐均匀腐蚀、晶间腐蚀和点蚀能力，热影响区600～1000℃是高合金接头耐蚀性最薄弱的区域，建议采用超低碳含铌高合金焊条，以解决热影响区的腐蚀问题．     

连铸辊堆焊药芯焊丝的研究

以Crl3-Mo-Ni-V为合金系，研制出连铸辊堆焊药芯焊丝1Cr13Ni20MoV，并进行一系列性能对比试验，结果表明，1Cr13NiMoV焊丝堆焊金属硬度适中，组织均匀，抗氧化性能和抗热疲劳性能较高，堆焊后轧辊性能优异，使用寿命显著提高，研究发现，堆焊金属抗氧化性，抗热疲劳及耐磨性之间存在着密切关系，提高抗氧化性能，可使堆焊金属抗热疲劳裂纹启裂能力增强，并在很大程度上抑制热疲劳裂纹的扩展，同时可减缓堆焊金属的磨损。     

基于CALPHAD的耐磨堆焊合金成分优化设计

通过CALPHAD(CALculation of PHAse Diagrams)方法,对高碳高铬耐磨堆焊合金成分进行优化设计,研究合金元素C、Ti、V、Nb对堆焊金属微观组织与相变规律的影响,并通过试验对CALPHAD设计结果进行验证。结果表明,不加入微合金元素时,耐磨堆焊合金的显微组织由初生(Cr,Fe)7C3型碳化物及共晶(Cr,Fe)7C3/γ(Cr,Fe)组成;随碳含量升高,初生(Cr,Fe)7C3型碳化物含量随之升高。加入微合金元素Ti、V、Nb后,在堆焊金属中析出M(M=Ti,V,Nb)C型碳化物,从而细化初生(Cr,Fe)7C3型碳化物,提高铁基耐磨合金的性能,延长再制造堆焊零部件表面的服役时间。     

Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu堆焊合金与304不锈钢的空蚀

将Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu合金通过钨极氩弧焊堆焊到304不锈钢表面,利用超声波振动设备模拟空蚀环境,研究Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu合金作为不锈钢堆焊层,在人工海水环境下的空蚀行为及耐空蚀性能,测定Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu堆焊合金空蚀过程中的失重量和失重率,并与同样空蚀条件下的304不锈钢进行对比,用扫描电镜(SEM)对试样堆焊层的空蚀后的表面与截面进行观察.结果表明:Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu合金材料比304不锈钢具有更好的耐空蚀性能;空蚀过程中合金在晶界薄弱处易产生裂纹,并在延伸和扩展后促使材料发生剥落;空蚀冲击使合金发生了加工硬化,提高了堆焊层的耐空蚀性能.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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