Modeling cavitation flow of cryogenic fluids with thermodynamic phase-change theory

Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles within a liquid where the flow dynamics causes the local static pressure to drop below the vapor pressure. The so-called full cavitation model (FCM) developed by Singhal has been widely used in numerical modeling of the cavitation flow for thermosensible and non-thermosensible fluids. Within the FCM, the bubble size is taken to be equivalent to the maximum possible value to forego the calculation of bubble number density. We developed a new cavitation model by re-calculating the bubble radius in FCM to account for the effects of local pressure. The new model was obtained by combining the thermodynamic phase-change theory and the Young-Laplace equation with the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium during the cavitation process. The cavitation calculations were performed based on the mathematical framework of the homogeneous equilibrium flow model and the transport-equation-based model for vapor phase mass fraction. The model was validated by modeling the cavitating flow of liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen through NASA hydrofoil and Ogive with consideration of the phase-change thermal effects. The temperature and pressure distributions with the new model are found to agree well with data from existing experimental studies, as well as the simulations with the FCM.     

Modeling and Simulation of a Gas-Liquid Coupling Excitation-Induced Cavitation Bubble

A gas-liquid coupling excitation mode is proposed and the gas-liquid excitation experimental system is developed. Air from pulse generator is mixed with liquid,through which the generated cavitation bubbles can strip contaminants adhered to the pipe inner wall rapidly. The kinematics equation of the bubble inside the hydraulic oil is established and the numerical simulations are carried out. The influential factors such as gas pressure, excitation frequency,initial bubble radius and fluid viscosity are analyzed.The results show that the cavitation will evolve from steady state to transient state with the increasing gas pressure and initial bubble radius. The pulse generator frequency has a slightly effect on the growth of the bubble radius,and the breakup time of the bubble is shortened with the rising frequency. Similarly, the increasing viscosity of liquid has minimal impact on cavitation effect,which can weaken the growth and the collapse of the bubble. Moreover,the temperature inside the cavitation bubble is investigated,indicating that the instantaneous temperature inside the bubble increases with the rising gas pressure. Once the gas pressure is raised to a certain value greater than the fluid static pressure, the instantaneous temperature inside the bubble will rise sharply. So, it can be concluded that the gas-liquid coupling excitation-induced cavitation process is controllable, and some theoretical basis of the new excitation mode is presented,which is expected to be applied in the online cleaning of the complex hydraulic system.     

基于等效龄期的钢管拱内混凝土硬化过程热应力

为揭示大直径钢管拱内混凝土硬化过程中力学性能增长的温度依赖性因素对组合结构热力作用效应的影响机理,采用有限元程序模拟钢管拱内混凝土的水化热传导过程,并与实测温度场数据进行对比,随后基于等效龄期法考虑其对管内混凝土弹性模量增长的影响,在此基础上结合热弹性力学理论得到了硬化过程中组合结构热应力的变化规律,并与未考虑温度依赖性影响的计算结果进行比较分析.结果表明,水化热温度场加快了管内混凝土硬化过程中弹性模量的增长速度,进而导致混凝土温度应力明显增大,截面径向、环向以及纵向温度应力增幅分别可达1.3倍、1.3倍和1.4倍,但对钢管应力的影响可忽略不计.因此,在分析大直径钢管拱内混凝土硬化过程中的热力作用效应时,必须考虑水化热温度场对管内混凝土弹性模量增长的影响.     

载人航天器环控生保系统热网络质量的优化

为减小载人航天器中环控生保系统质量 ,利用网络分析原理 ,系统地研究了由气、液流体回路所构成流动和热网络的质量组成特性。建立此网络流动、传热及质量计算的物理模型和数学模型 ,以其中辐射散热器表面平均温度为优化搜寻决策变量 ,优化计算网络系统质量。对系统质量的一些影响因素分析结果表明 ,以辐射散热器表面平均温度为决策变量优化计算网络系统质量的方法可以大大减小系统的质量 ;流动和热网络系统中存在最佳管径和最佳的热组件布局方式 ,对应系统质量最小。研究表明 ,全面考虑各因素与网络系统质量之间的密切联系 ,求得最佳值后 ,能使系统总质量最小     

Effect of cavitating flow on forced convective heat transfer: a modeling study

With water as working medium,a numerical study on liquid convection heat transfer accompanied by cavitating flow in a circular tube was conducted by combining mixture model and Schnerr–Sauer cavitation mode in the commercial code,Ansys Fluent.Cavitation is instigated by setting a restriction orifice in the circular tube.The simulation results show that cavitation occurs around the wall of the restriction orifice and disappears at the downstream regions.The comparison of local heat transfer coefficients under the same mass flow rate indicates that,heat transfer is significantly augmented at the downstream regions of the restriction orifice because of the occurrence of cavitation.The analysis on the characteristics of cavitating and noncavitating flows confirms that the occurrence of cavitation can increase the turbulence intensity under the same mass flow rate,which is the origin for heat transfer to be enhanced.Based on it,the effects of such factors as inlet pressure and ratio of orifice to pipe diameter on cavitation enhanced heat transfer were further investigated for the purpose of application.     

换热管传热过程的熵产分析

基于热力学第一、二定律对换热管由管内到管外的传热过程进行了熵产分析,以管内流体为基准引入了无因次熵产数并得到其计算式;讨论了管内流体雷诺数、管内外流雷诺数比值、无因次入口换热温差及无因次特征尺寸等参数对换热管传热过程不可逆性能的影响。结果表明,存在一最佳的管内流体雷诺数使无因次熵产数最小;无因次熵产数值随管外与管内流体雷诺数的比值的增大而单调递增,随无因次入口换热温差和无因次特征尺寸的增大亦近似成线性增大。结果和方法对进一步完善基本对流换热过程的热力学评价具有一定的意义,同时为换热管双侧强化传热时性能的评价提供理论基础。     

诱导轮液氧空化热力学效应数值计算研究

为了研究低温介质诱导轮空化热力学效应,采用FBM湍流模型和基于热力学修正的Kubota空化模型,针对常温水和液氧两种介质的诱导轮空化性能进行了数值计算研究.对比数值预测的常温水介质诱导轮扬程性能与实验结果,验证了数值方法的准确性.计算结果表明,相对于常温水,液氧诱导轮的空化受到了抑制.在液氧空化区域液相和汽相发生了强烈的热量交换,使得局部温度下降,进而导致当地饱和蒸气压下降,抑制了空化的发展.针对不同温度下的液氧,提出了一种诱导轮低温空化特性理论预测方法,基于两种温度下诱导轮空化特性曲线预测其他温度的空化特性.理论预测与数值计算结果吻合较好,验证了该理论预测方法的准确性.      

静态声空化泡内外的质量交换

研究表明声空化泡内外存在着不可忽略的质量交换,但目前的研究主要针对激烈脉动型的声空化泡.本文利用驻波声场的Bjerkes力稳定悬浮非激烈脉动型声空化泡（静态声空化泡）来研究泡壁处气液间的质量交换特性.结合实验结果,我们分析了驱动声压、气体种类、液体的黏度、表面张力,饱和蒸汽压等因素对静态声空化泡内外质量交换特性的影响.同时,我们设计的实验系统也为气液传质特性测量提供了一种方法.     

微尺度核态沸腾换热的汽泡交互作用实验研究

核态沸腾换热是一种高效的换热形式,沸腾机理的研究对强化传热的研究很重要。实验采用微尺度96加热片阵列,通过独立的控制电路,加热独立的各个加热片,使其维持在恒定温度120℃上。利用高速摄像技术分别从汽泡的底部和侧面对汽泡生长及运动现象进行可视化观测,并用高速数据采集系统同步记录汽泡一个生长期间不同阶段的热流密度。实验首先单独加热每个独立的区域,产生单个汽泡,并分析汽泡脱离频率、脱离直径和热流密度;然后通过加热两个相隔一定位置的加热片区域,使得汽泡长到一定大小后能够碰撞、合并为一个新汽泡并最终脱离。这种汽泡交互作用伴随着汽泡的变形、滑移,显著增加了沸腾换热的热流密度和汽泡脱离频率。通过分析每个加热片的热流密度,得出瞬态导热是沸腾换热的主要机理。     

Boiling heat transfer with acoustic cavitation

The effects of acoustic cavitation and nanometer granule on boiling heat transfer of horizontal circular copper tube are investigated experimentally and theoretically using acetone as the working fluid according to the boiling procedure. The results show that heat transfer can be enhanced or weakened by generation of the cavitation bubble or addition of the nanometer granules, respectively. The mechanisms of the effects are analyzed.     

Cavitation Bubble Luminescence in Cone-Type Throttle Valve

In light of the light emission from cavitation bubbles under certain conditions, the phenomena of the cavitation bubble luminescence in the hydraulic cone-type throttle valve is focused in this paper. Firstly,the software of automatic dynamic incremental nonlinear analysis( ADINA) is applied to studying the flow field of the flow channel of the cone-type throttle valve. And the pressure distribution of the valve flow channel is obtained. The easyhappening area of cavitation in the cone-type throttle valve is also found out by ADINA. Then,the experimental research on the conetype throttle valve is carried out in this paper. The changing law of the hydraulic oil temperature in the corresponding region under different system pressure and the backpressure condition are experimentally researched. The relationship between the luminescence intensity and the cavitation intensity,the pressure,and the temperature are also studied. Finally,a summary of the causal relationship between the luminescence and cavitation in the cone-type throttle valve,the cavitation effect on the hydraulic oil temperature,and the method for the inhibition of cavitation bubble luminescence are presented. The results show that the light intensity increases with the increase of the cavitation intensity,and the luminescence can be inhibited by the increase of backpressure.     

超临界CO2流体中空化泡共振频率的研究

为了探索超声强化超临界CO2中空化泡共振频率特性,根据Rayleigh-Plesset方程推导出空化泡自然共振频率关系,分别考察了空化泡共振频率随空化泡初始半径、流体的压力和温度的变化规律。结果表明：超临界CO2流体中空化泡共振频率随空化泡的初始半径增大而减少。随流体压力的增大而先减少后增大,在流体压力约为18MPa达到最低值,随流体温度的升高而增大,在空化泡初始半径相同情况下,在超临界CO2流体中的自然共振频率要比水中的自然共振频率高。超声波频率只有与空化泡的自然共振频率相近时,空化泡在一个声周期内崩溃,所需的声压最低。     

过热液中汽泡生长初期阶段特性

依据非平衡热动力学相变理论建立了在均匀过热液中的汽泡生长模型．该模型中引入多变热,以保证汽泡在正化学势差作用下长大．采用数值计算方法,对汽泡生长的初始阶段特性进行了研究．计算表明,汽泡在此生长阶段存在滞后和自适应调节现象,滞后时间与引入的不同温度、压力、速度等扰动量的强度有关．在一定范围内,扰动大小并不明显影响汽泡生长曲线     

全液压稠油热力开采系统

介绍了全液压稠油热力开采系统的采油装置及其液压技术原理,分析了系统的可行性,对系统进行了井下流体热力学研究.通过建立物理和数学模型以及使用计算机进行仿真,得到当原油的井底温度一定时,液压油在系统中具有与其等效的加热效率,进而得到原油的出井温度与液压油的输入温度及原油保温所需的液压油最小输入温度与液压油的流量基本呈线性关系.验证了该系统对稠油的加热和提采方式是可行的,而且效果比较理想.该模型的建立也为进一步研究井下流体传热情况提供了理论基础.     

燃气轮机用人字齿轮副接触应力及稳态热分析

为了获得人字型齿轮副齿面接触应力和本体温度的分布特征,利用参数化设计语言,建立了齿轮副的三维模型,结合传热学、摩擦学及啮合原理,对齿轮副的接触应力场及稳态温度场进行了数值模拟,分析了齿轮副的接触应力、本体温度及啮合齿面热流密度的分布情况.分析结果显示,载荷沿各条接触线的分布具有规律性;摩擦热流密度沿齿高方向呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势;齿体本身的传导散热作用强于齿顶的对流换热作用.结论表明有限元模拟方法可用于评价此种传动副的传动性能.     

液体空化对沸腾传热影响的实验及机理研究

从液体空化和沸腾机理的角度出发，阐述了两者的关系，揭示了液体空化强化沸腾传热的机理，并成功地解释了声空化对水平圆管沸腾传热的影响，结果表明，空化和沸腾是从两个不同的角度对液体强度施加破坏的，标准状态下的空泡半径维持在微米量级以下，沸腾传热是否受到声空化的强化，取决于声空化是否给传热表面提供了核化汽泡胚胎。     

机械泵驱动冷却回路在模拟航天温度边界下散热能力分析

 对机械泵驱动两相冷却系统在模拟太空工作的边界问题条件下散热能力和工作特性进行实验研究,从而得到结论：当系统的热负荷较小而边界温度较低时,放热量变大使系统平均温度降低,造成蒸发段温度无法控制,冷凝器的温度也可能会降到低于工质的凝固点冻结,冷凝段管路也将因固态工质堵塞而无法循环,此时需采取降低储液器设定温度的方法来减小系统的放热量。当系统的热负荷较大而边界温度较高时,系统在冷凝器的放热量较小而使得热负荷无法完全释放时,系统的平均温度上升,造成泵的入口温度达到工质的饱和温度,产生的气泡有可能会对机械泵内的部件产生气蚀,并引起机械泵工作不稳定,无法保证设定的流量循环。实验结论为该类系统的设计与应用提供了可靠的依据。     

混凝土蓄热装置传热研究

蓄热装置是太阳能热发电系统中的关键部件之一。对混凝土蓄热装置的传热过程进行了模拟研究,得到了混凝土蓄热器内部的温度等特征参数,并对影响因素进行了分析,结果表明混凝土较大的导热系数有利于提高蓄热温度,导热油进口温度和速度较大的时候,明显提高了换热效果,增加了蓄热装置的蓄热量。     

VGF结晶法中砷化镓表面平衡温度的计算

根据VGF结晶技术的特点,建立了结晶炉内的辐射换热模型。并利用有限差分法对变温条件下砷化镓晶体表面的辐射换热进行了数值求解,模拟结果得出了晶体表面平衡温度的变化规律。与设定值比较具有良好的一致性,所得结果确定了晶体生长过程数值模拟的热边界条件,并对实际的温度控制提供了重要的理论依据。     

石蜡和石墨复合相变材料的导热性能研究

石蜡作为相变材料的不足之处在于石蜡的导热系数低.为了改善石蜡的导热系数,实验利用导热系数较大的石墨和具有较高储热能力的石蜡制备出复合相变储能材料,分析了储热、放热过程中,石墨对石蜡传热特性及相变的影响.结果表明:石墨的掺入增加了复合材料的导热速率,减小了传热的波动性;复合材料的相变时间明显提前,固液相界面的移动加快,相变时间范围明显缩短,而相变温度区间基本不变.