中国股票市场正反馈交易行为之实证

本文通过实证分析得出，上海股票市场中显著存在正反馈交易行为．并依靠Shiner、Sentana和Wadhwani提出的模型揭示了收益的自相关性、波动性与反馈交易行为之间的关系．     

A positive feedback mechanism governs the polarity and motion of motile cilia

Ciliated epithelia produce fluid flow in many organ systems, ranging from the respiratory tract where it clears mucus to the ventricles of the brain where it transports cerebrospinal fluid. Human diseases that disable ciliary flow, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, can compromise organ function or the ability to resist pathogens, resulting in recurring respiratory infections, otitis, hydrocephaly and infertility. To create a ciliary flow, the cilia within each cell need to be polarized coordinately along the planar axis of the epithelium, but how polarity is established in any ciliated epithelia is not known. Here we analyse the developmental mechanisms that polarize cilia, using the ciliated cells in the developing Xenopus larval skin as a model system. We show that cilia acquire polarity through a sequence of events, beginning with a polar bias set by tissue patterning, followed by a refinement phase. Our results indicate that during refinement, fluid flow is both necessary and sufficient in determining cilia polarity. These findings reveal a novel mechanism in which tissue patterning coupled with fluid flow act in a positive feedback loop to direct the planar polarity of cilia.     

指令正反馈敦促法的原理及其在《生物化学》教学中的应用

以生物化学知识为载体,分别采用学导式、讲授式和指令正反馈敦促教学法进行生物化学教学探索,通过分组实验法对教学效果进行了对比实验研究.研究结果表明,指令正反馈敦促法显著优于学导式与讲授式两种方法,且能较好地消除学生中良莠不齐的现象,有效提高全体学生的成绩,具有优越的教学效果,不失为一种优良的新型教学方法.     

Altered enzymes in ageing human fibroblasts

Diploid human fibroblasts accumulate heat labile enzymes during the final stages of their life-span in culture. The RNA base analogue 5-FU induces premature senescence, which is preceded by the appearance of altered enzyme. These observations support Orgel's "error catastrophe" theory of ageing.     

A local positive feedback of the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system on interdecadal timescales

SINCE THE 1990S, THE CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ON INTERDE- CADAL TIME SCALES BECAME THE FOCUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATOLOGY RESEARCH MISSIONS[1―3]. ON TIME SCALES OF A DECADE OR MORE, THE OCEAN CIRCULATION PREDOMINATEDHEAT BALANCE AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, S…     

Bombesin-like peptides can function as autocrine growth factors in human small-cell lung cancer

The autocrine hypothesis proposes that a cell produces and secretes a hormone-like substance that can interact with specific membrane receptors on its surface to induce effects such as proliferation. Thus, a cancer cell could act to stimulate its own growth. Bombesin and bombesin-like peptides (BLPs) such as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) cause various physiological responses in mammals, including stimulation of proliferation of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and normal human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro and induction of gastrin cell hyperplasia and increased pancreatic DNA content in vivo in rats. Human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines produce and secrete BLPs and can express a single class of high-affinity receptors for BLPs. Exogenously added BLPs can also stimulate the clonal growth and DNA synthesis of SCLC in vitro. These findings suggest that BLPs function as autocrine growth factors for this tumour. One way to test this hypothesis is to interrupt the function of the endogenously produced BLPs. Here, we demonstrate that a monoclonal antibody to bombesin binds to the C-terminal region of BLPs, blocks the binding of the hormone to cellular receptors and inhibits the clonal growth of SCLC in vitro and the growth of SCLC xenografts in vivo. These results demonstrate that BLPs can function as autocrine growth factors for human SCLC.     

Error theory and ageing in human diploid fibroblasts

Immunological and enzymatic assessments of lactate dehydrogenase in human lung fibroblasts strongly suggest that altered proteins accumulate in ageing cells. This supports but does not prove the error catastrophe theory of all death.     

Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts

The terminus of a DNA helix has been called its Achilles' heel. Thus to prevent possible incomplete replication and instability of the termini of linear DNA, eukaryotic chromosomes end in characteristic repetitive DNA sequences within specialized structures called telomeres. In immortal cells, loss of telomeric DNA due to degradation or incomplete replication is apparently balanced by telomere elongation, which may involve de novo synthesis of additional repeats by novel DNA polymerase called telomerase. Such a polymerase has been recently detected in HeLa cells. It has been proposed that the finite doubling capacity of normal mammalian cells is due to a loss of telomeric DNA and eventual deletion of essential sequences. In yeast, the est1 mutation causes gradual loss of telomeric DNA and eventual cell death mimicking senescence in higher eukaryotic cells. Here, we show that the amount and length of telomeric DNA in human fibroblasts does in fact decrease as a function of serial passage during ageing in vitro and possibly in vivo. It is not known whether this loss of DNA has a causal role in senescence.     

Analysis and implementation of FURLS algorithm for active vibration control system with positive feedback

While positive feedback exists in an active vibration control system,it may cause instability of the whole system.To solve this problem,a feedforward adaptive controller is proposed based on the Filtered-U recursive least square(FURLS) algorithm.Algorithm development process is presented in this paper.Real time active vibration control experimental tests were done.The experiment results show that the active control algorithm proposed in this paper has good control performance for both narrow band disturbances and broad band disturbances.     

Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure

The ability to detect recent natural selection in the human population would have profound implications for the study of human history and for medicine. Here, we introduce a framework for detecting the genetic imprint of recent positive selection by analysing long-range haplotypes in human populations. We first identify haplotypes at a locus of interest (core haplotypes). We then assess the age of each core haplotype by the decay of its association to alleles at various distances from the locus, as measured by extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH). Core haplotypes that have unusually high EHH and a high population frequency indicate the presence of a mutation that rose to prominence in the human gene pool faster than expected under neutral evolution. We applied this approach to investigate selection at two genes carrying common variants implicated in resistance to malaria: G6PD and CD40 ligand. At both loci, the core haplotypes carrying the proposed protective mutation stand out and show significant evidence of selection. More generally, the method could be used to scan the entire genome for evidence of recent positive selection.     

基于反馈线性化的三相电压型PWM整流器控制

根据三相电压型PWM整流器在两相旋转坐标系dq中的数学模型,应用输入输出反馈线性化原理,经过合理的简化,将三相电压型PWM整流器在dq坐标下的MIMO非线性数学模型转化为SISO模型,提出了三相电压型PWM整流器SISO反馈线性化控制策略,计算机仿真结果表明,该策略具有可行性。     

掺镱光学频率梳噪声抑制与载波包络相位锁定

本文研究了泵浦源功率稳定性、环境温度和机械振动等因素对掺镱光纤光学频率梳自由运转下的载波包络偏移相位的影响,基于锁相环伺服反馈系统实现了光学频率梳的载波包络相位锁定.实验中采用重复频率为60 MHz的掺镱光纤飞秒激光器,经过两级功率放大、光谱展宽和f-2f拍频探测系统,获得了信噪比为25 dB的拍频信号.在此基础上,由伺服反馈系统对载波包络相位信号进行控制,锁定后的载波包络相位信号的频率抖动标准方差为283 mHz(计数时间为0.5 h).     

Diminished in vitro tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor of senescent human fibroblasts

Fibroblastic cultures derived from normal human tissues undergo a finite number of population doublings when serially subcultivated in vitro (see refs 1, 2 for reviews). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) serves as a mitogen for early doubling level cultures of the human fetal lung-derived cell strain, WI-38, under serum-free conditions. The ability of cells from late doubling level cultures to respond mitogenically to EGF is lost, however, despite undiminished binding of EGF throughout the replicative lifespan. The ultimate effects of EGF, that is DNA synthesis and mitosis (see ref. 4 for review), occur after a sequence of events initiated by binding of ligand to specific cellular receptors. The receptor for EGF has been characterized as a 145,000-165,000 (145 K-165 K) molecular weight doublet, and, like the receptors for platelet-derived growth factor and insulin, and the transforming proteins of certain of the RNA tumour viruses, is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase with autophosphorylating activity. Moreover, several of the cellular target molecules of tyrosine phosphorylation have been found to be substrates for two or more of these kinases. The hypothesis that tyrosine phosphorylation underlies a common mechanism of growth control prompted us to ask whether the loss of responsiveness to EGF by late doubling level WI-38 cells is accompanied by altered expression of the EGF receptor, and specifically whether changes occur in the ability of receptors from populations of cells of various in vitro ages to catalyse tyrosine autophosphorylation. We show here that autophosphorylating activity is absent from the EGF receptor of cells which have lost their mitogenic responsiveness to EGF.     

密度核反馈条件下低压自然循环两相流动稳定性实验

为了研究核供热反应堆主回路自然循环两相流动稳定性，考证了具有密度－核反馈耦合条件下两相流动的热工水力学行为。在热工实验回路ＨＲＴＬ－５中引入了反应堆中子动力学模拟系统。以实测冷却剂密度作为其输入参数，以中子动力学模拟系统的功率输出通过ＨＰ－３８５２５控制器对系统电加热功率进行实时控制，实验研究了不同工况条件下自然循环两相流动的稳定性。研究结果表明，核反馈耦合条件下系统中出现很低欠热度不稳定性区，反馈系数大小、测量系统和元件动态响应特性对自然循环两相流动稳定性有重要影响。     

Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations

With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.     

Detecting positive darwinian selection in brain-expressed genes during human evolution

To understand the genetic basis that underlies the phenotypic divergence between human and non- human primates, we screened a total of 7176 protein-coding genes expressed in the human brain and compared them with the chimpanzee orthologs to identify genes that show evidence of rapid evolution in the human lineage. Our results showed that the nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution (Ka/Ks) ratio for genes expressed in the brain of human and chimpanzee is 0.3854, suggesting that the brain-expressed genes are under functional constraint. The X-linked human brain-expressed genes evolved more rapidly than autosomal ones. We further dissected the molecular evolutionary patterns of 34 candidate genes by sequencing representative primate species to identify lineage-specific adaptive evolution. Fifteen out of the 34 candidate genes showed evidence of positive Darwinian selection in human and/or chimpanzee lineages. These genes are predicted to play diverse functional roles in em- bryonic development, spermatogenesis and male fertility, signal transduction, sensory nociception, and neural function. This study together with others demonstrated the usefulness and power of phy- logenetic comparison of multiple closely related species in detecting lineage-specific adaptive evolu- tion, and the identification of the positively selected brain-expressed genes may add new knowledge to the understanding of molecular mechanism of human origin.     

Metabolites of diethylstilboestrol induce sister chromatid exchange in human cultured fibroblasts.

Diethylstilboesterol (DES) is one of the few substances for which a clear association with carcinogenicity has been established in man. Nevertheless, it is still widely used, mainly as a cheap oestrogen to increase the slaughter weight of beef, but in spite of this it is not known if residues in the meat or metabolites excreted by the cattle are hazardous to man. It is also unknown whether there is a threshold dose below which DES is harmless. A threshold might be expected if a hormonal mechanism of carcinogensis rather than metabolic activation to an electrophically reactive species operats. This possibility was supported by the observations that DES, in contrast to most other carcinogens, failed to induce mutations in the Salmonella/microsome test or malignant transformations of eukaryotic cells in culture. It is also disturbing that DES, one of the few known human carcinogens was negative in these two most widely used short-term tests introduced as fast early-earning system for potential carcinogens. We now report that DES is positive in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction, a short-term test for which a high correlation with the carcinogenicity of the compounds tested has been observed. Moreover, we show that metabolic activation was involved. Two different pathways leading to metabolites much more active in SCE induction than DES itself ('proximate agents') were established.