Overexpression of phospholipase <Emphasis Type="Italic">D</Emphasis>α gene enhances drought and salt tolerance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis>

The cDNA of AtPLDa （Arabidopsis thaliana Phospholipase Da） gene was introduced into P. tomentosa （Populus tomentosa） under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Southern and Northern blot analyses suggested that the AtPLDa gene has been transferred into the P. tomentosa genome. No obvious morphological or developmental difference was observed between the transgenic and wild-type （WT） plants. Drought and salt tolerance and gene expression of seedlings of several transgenic lines and WT plants （control） were studied. The results showed that the rhizogenesis rate and the average root-length of transgenic lines were significantly higher than WT plants after mannitol and NaCI treatment under the same growth conditions. Northern blot analysis indicated that the higher the PLDa expression in the transgenic plants, the more tolerant the transgenic plants are to drought and salt treatment. Meanwhile, another group of these transgenic lines and WT plants （control） were treated with PEG6000 and NaCI separately. The contents of chlorophylls and the activities of some anti- oxidant enzymes （superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase） as well as malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity were analyzed. Altogether, our results demonstrated that overexpression of the PLDa gene can enhance the drought and salt tolerance in transgenic P. tomentosa plants.     

Palynological records of environmental changes in the middle part of Inner Mongolia,China

Today, the central part of Inner Mongolia has a continental climate, with cold winters, hot summers, and approximately 70% of the precipitation falling in the summer months. Vegetation is dominated by steppe vegetation with Stipa bungeana and Stipa breviflora. Scattered individuals of Quercus liaotungensis, Populus davidiana, Betula platyplylla are distributed in the mountains, with some Pinus tabluaoformis, near Miaoyu, and with fragmentary Picea above 1700—1800 m a.s.l. The Huitenglian…     

大瑶山国家级自然保护区中山针阔混交林的植物多样性

【目的】阐明中山针阔混交林群落的物种多样性形成机理、分异规律及维持机制。【方法】在全面踏查的基础上,通过建立12块20m×20m的调查样地,研究中山针阔混交林的植物群落组成、植物多样性及分异规律。【结果】银杉混交林共有植物56科76属94种,长苞铁杉混交林共有植物51科78属103种,广东五针松混交林有30科43属66种,小叶罗汉松混交林有29科38属49种。银杉混交林的针阔叶树优势种分别是银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla,重要值IV为34.86)、长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata,47.70)、五列木(Pentaphylax euryoides,27.69)、信宜杜鹃(Rhododendron faithiae,18.07);长苞铁杉混交林相应为长苞铁杉(63.44)、五列木(51.03)、马蹄荷(Exbucklandia populnea,13.24);广东五针松混交林为广东五针松(Pinus kwangtungensis,43.19)、五列木(59.09)、大头茶(Polyspora axillaris,44.49)、马蹄荷(26.10);小叶罗汉松混交林为小叶罗汉松(Podocarpus wangii,58.22)、福建柏(Fokienia hodginsii,32.89),南华杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum,66.31)。中山区4种混交林中乔木层的物种丰富度没有显著差异(P0.05),而灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度存在显著差异(P0.05),乔木层和灌木层的植物多样性指数无显著差异(P0.05);长苞铁杉混交林中草本层的物种多样性指数显著高于广东五针松混交林(P0.05);其它类型间差异不显著(P0.05)。【结论】中山区特殊的气候和土壤条件是针阔混交林形成的主要原因,而作为优势种的针阔叶树种的生态生物学特性是维持中山区针阔混交林物种多样性的关键。     

金花茶回归地植物群落调查研究

【目的】了解野生金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)种群中植物种类、植物类型和植物群落的特征,为开展金花茶回归提供参考。【方法】在广西防城金花茶国家级自然保护区内选取2个金花茶回归样地,开展回归试验,实地调查样地的植物群落,对样地的土壤性质、植物种类、乔木层结构特征、灌木层结构特征、植物生态特性等进行分析。【结果】2个金花茶回归样地的物种数均超过80种,胸径大于1cm的树种个体数超过250株;所有种类中木本植物比草本植物的种类多,两者的比例为87∶32,其中木本植物中常绿树种和落叶树种的比例为73∶14;植物种类中银柴(Aporosa chinensis)和桃金娘(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)个体数量占绝对优势,分别为43株和40株。【结论】2个回归地的植物物种多样性较丰富,其中乔灌层的种类数和个体数均比草本层多,且多为常绿树种,因乔灌层的树冠可为金花茶植物提供遮阴环境,这正好符合金花茶作为阴生树种的特性。     

绿桐增殖、生根培养及炼苗移栽研究

本研究旨在建立适于绿桐（Paulownia fortunei×Paulownia tomentosa）的快速无性繁殖技术,为试管苗工厂化生产提供技术参考。实验以绿桐当年生枝条为外植体,对消毒方式、取材部位、植物生长调节剂及其浓度配比条件进行优化,筛选合适的诱导、增殖和生根培养基。实验结果表明,最佳消毒方式为依次采用75%乙醇、等体积的10%次氯酸钠与0.1%升汞混合液、0.1%升汞消毒;当年生嫩条顶端10 cm长度的茎段为最佳外植体;外植体在MS+1.0 mg/L 6-苄氨基嘌呤（6-BA）+1.0 mg/L 2,4-对氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）+0.8 mg/L赤霉素（GA₃）的培养基中,能诱导出长势健壮的不定芽;在MS+0.8 mg/L 6-BA+0.4 mg/L萘乙酸（NAA）的增殖培养基中,增殖系数达2.02;而生根以1/2 MS+0.6 mg/L吲哚-3-丁酸（IBA）+0.4 mg/L NAA培养基为最佳,生根率达100%;对组培苗进行炼苗后覆膜保湿,移栽存活率可达92%。本研究获得了适合绿桐快速繁殖的培养基,建立了一套绿桐快速繁殖体系。     

Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history and paleoclimate of the Tengger Desert,northwestern China

With a total area of 36000 km2, the Tengger Desert is the fourth largest desert in China. The Qilian Mountains demarcate the southwestern boundary of the desert andthe Helan Mountain on the east separates the desert from the Mo Us Desert. The Yabulai Mountain on thenorthwest borders the Tengger Desert and the BadainJaran Desert and the Loess Plateau touch its southern tip (Fig. 1). Climatically, the area is situated at the junction of the hyper-arid northwest, the arid to semi-arid sou…     

Measurement of ethylene and methane production in a temperate forest soil using inhibition of acetylene and carbon monoxide

We studied in the laboratory the effects of acetylene （C2H2） concentrations on the accumulation and consumption of ethylene and methane in a temperate pine forest soil, and in situ ethylene and methane production and flush effects of nitrogen sources on both productions in the pine forest stand （Pinus sylvestris L.）. The addition of C2H2 at concentrations more than 50 Pa C2H2 in the headspace caused a more than 95% reduction in rates of ethylene and methane consumption in forest soil compared to those with no C2H2. Furthermore, addition of acetylene within a range of 50 to 10, 000 Pa C2H2 induced a similar rate of methane accumulation in forest soil. Hence, it can be concluded that presence of more than 50 Pa C2H2 in the headspace is an effective method to measure methane production in forest soil. The addition of C2H2 at concentrations more than 50 Pa C2H2 induced an increasing concentration of ethylene in the headspace （P≤0.05）, indicating the reduction of acetylene to ethylene in forest soil. Using inhibition of 0.5 kPa C2H2 in combination with 5 kPa carbon monoxide that inhibits the reduction of acetylene in a short term, it was observed that there was a larger in situ methane production rate （218±26 μg C m^-2 h^-1（μg C per square meter per hour, the same below）） than in situ ethylene production rate （92±6 μg C m^-2 h^-1） in the pine forest soil. The addition of nitrogen sources such as urea, urea plus a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide, and potassium nitrate, could induce a 5-fold greater increase in rates of in situ ethylene and methane production compared to those in the control, particularly in the latter （P≤0.05）. The results can promote in situ measurement of ethylene and methane production in forest soils at different sites.     

Effects of nitrogen sources and glucose on the consumption of ethylene and methane by temperate volcanic forest surface soils

There is limited knowledge with regard to the consumption of ethylene (C2H4) and methane (CH4) in volcanic forest soils containing low microbial carbon-to-organic carbon ratio, and to the responses of both consumptions to nitrogen and carbon additions. Temperate volcanic forest surface soils under three forest stands (e.g. Pinus sylvestris L., Cryptomeria japonica and Quercus serrata) were used to compare CH4 and C2H4 consumption by forest soils, and to study the effects of nitrogen sources and glucose on both consumptions. There was a good parallel between CH4 and C2H4 consumption by for- est soils, but mineralization reduced CH4 consumption rather than C2H4 consumption in forest soils, particularly in a Pinus forest soil. The stimulatory effect of glucose addition on both CH4 and C2H4 consumption by forest soils was increased by increasing the pre-incubation period after glucose addi- tion, and a largest stimulation occurred in the Pinus forest soil. The addition of KNO3-N at the rate of 100 μg·g1 significantly reduced the consumptions of both C2H4 and CH4 by forest soils (P≤0.05). In the presence of urea plus dicyandiamide, the consumption rates of C2H4 and CH4 by forest soils were higher than those in the KNO3-N and urea-N treated soils at the same N rate (P≤0.05), but were similar to those of the control. Hence, under experimental conditions, there was a strong inhibitory effect of NO3 rather than NH4 addition on the CH4 and C2H4 consumption in these forest soils. When amount of the added NO3-N increased up to more than 2―3 times the soil initial NO3-N concentrations, both C2H4 and CH4 consumption rates were reduced to 10%―20% of the rates in soils without nitrate addition. By comparing the three forest stands, it was shown that there was a smallest effective concentration of the added nitrate that could inhibit C2H4 and CH4 consumption in the Pinus forest soil, which indicated that C2H4 and CH4 consumption of the soil was more sensitive to NO3-N addition.     

Feasibility of poplar foliages as bio-monitors for organochlorine pesticides in air

The feasibility of poplar (P. tomentosa) foliages as passive biomonitors for organochlorine pesticides in air was explored. The accumulation patterns of poplar foliages for HCHs, DDTs and HCB were similar, the amount of HCHs, DDTs and HCB increased with foliage growth in spring, and decreased thereafter. There was no obvious distinction in the accumulation styles between the adult leaf and the leaf-litter. This accumulation pattern is likely related to the growing process of the poplar foliage, and was observed for the first time in our work, giving an evidence for the “bud burst effect” in plants. The technical HCH and DDT were used largely in history and not used in recent years, but there was a little usage of lindane and new input of o,p’-DDT in recent years, and dicofol usage may be the main source of o,p’-DDT. Concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB in poplar foliages were similar to those in pine needles at the corresponding period, and there is a positive strong correlation between OCP concentration data of two kinds of trees. It presents no difference in the accumulation style between two kinds of trees. The level of OCPs in the poplar foliage reflected the pollution status of OCPs in air. The result of this work showed that the poplar foliage can be used as the bio-monitor of OCPs in air. Supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2003CB415003)     

NMR and IR investigations of ternary inclusion complexes among β-cyclodextrin, rare earth metal ions, and naphthalenediamines

Ternary inclusion complexes β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), rare earth metal ions (YbCl₃, YCl₃), and 1,8-naphthalene- diamine/1,5-naphthalenediamine are synthesized in basic aqueous media, which are characterized via ¹H NMR and IR spectroscopy. The stoichiometric proportion of β-CD:YbCl₃:1,5-naphthalenediamine is 2:1:2, that of β-CD:YCl₃:1,8-naphthalenediamine is 2:1:1, and that of β-CD:YbCl₃:1,8-naphthalenediamine is 2:1:1. The IR spectroscopy of the ternary inclusion complexes in the range of 935–1 000 cm⁻¹ reveals the existence of the coordinate bond M—O or M—N. The possible conformations of the ternary inclusion complexes are depicted. Biography: JIANG Huiming(1972–), male, Associate professor, research direction: molecular complex chemistry, supramolecular chemistry.     

Landscape ecological evaluation on the artificial forest of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucaena leucocephala</Emphasis>

Based on the theory of ecology, this article conducted a landscape ecological evaluation on Leucaena leucocephala artificial forest in the add-hot valley, Yuanmou Xiaokua hill, using a combination method of qualitative analysis and landscape comprehensive evaluation. The comprehensive evaluation indexes of landscape include forest coverage, biodiversity, stability, soil erosion, environmental quality, availability, scientific research characteristic, economic benefits. Using AHP （analytical hierarchy process）, determine the grade of ecological evaluation factors and the weight of evaluation index and calculate the CEI （comprehensive evaluation index） on ecological evaluation. Evaluation results showed that the area CEI was 0.714 225, a better quality of the ecological level, but biodiversity indicators was the lowest. To sum up, it was difficult to maintain ecological restoration effectiveness and process but also guarantee a good biodiversity in the add-hot valleys. We must reasonably arrange the alien species and the native species, in order to obtain a stable and sustainable eco-system.     

New crystal structure of molecular complex 1-piperidine carboxylate-piperidinium-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O studied by X-ray single crystal diffraction

Piperidine absorbs CO2 and H2O in air to form a molecular complex： piperidium-l-piperidinecarboxylate-H2O. The structure of the complex was characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The crystal structure was determined to be triclinic, space group P1^-with a=0.648 6（8） nm, b=0.809 200） nm, c= 1.357 1（16） nm, a=96.96706）°, β =102.506（15）°,γ=104.202 05）°, Z=2. The complex is stabilized via five hydrogen bonds between the three components, N-O electrostatic interaction and O-O interaction （electron transfer） betweenl-piperidinecarboxylate and H2O. Due to electron transference of carbamate ion, the oxygen atom in water molecule is strongly negatively charged and the O-H bond is considerably shorter than that of the free molecule of water. The formation of the molecular complex is a reversible process and will decompose upon heating. The mechanism of formation and stabilization is further investigated herein.     

巨尾桉与几种阔叶树和针叶树碳储量的比较研究

【目的】研究广西北海市巨尾桉（Eucalyptus grandis×E．urophylla）、红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）、海南蒲桃（Szygium cumini）、香梓楠（Michelia hedyosperma）、闽楠（Michelia macclurei）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）的冠幅、生物量和碳储量情况,为该地区建立人工林优势树种选择提供科学依据。【方法】对两年生的巨尾桉、红锥、海南蒲桃、香梓楠、闽楠、杉木、马尾松进行常规的群落调查,采用收获法收集各树种的根、茎、叶、枝,通过实验手段测定其生物量、含碳率、碳储量。【结果】巨尾桉冠幅为其他树种的1．7～8．6倍,高度为3．1～6倍,基径为1．6～3．6倍;巨尾桉生物量高达17．2t·hm^2,其次海南蒲桃为3．6t·hm^2,其余树种生物量较低;巨尾桉含碳率在所有树种中居于中间水平,碳储量为其他树种的6～30倍。【结论】在同龄树种中,巨尾桉的固碳能力较强,可作为人工林生态固碳的优选树种。     

Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter and total nitrogen on the Yajiageng vertical belt,Gongga Mountain around the Dadu River banks

Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter（SOM） and total nitrogen（TN） were studied in different plant communities of the Yajiageng vertical belt in Gongga Mountain around the Dadu River banks. The results show： （1） the contents of SOM and TN of the plant communities gradually decreased with the following order： subalpine coniferous forest （3 027 m）, subalpine meadow （3 873 m）, coniferous broadleaved mixed forest（2 737 m）, subalpine shrub（3 565 m） and treeline（3 564 m）. （2） With soil profile depth increasing, the contents of SOM and TN gradually decreased. For different vegetation types, the contents of SOM and TN in sub-alpine coniferous forest were higher than that of other vegetational types. （3）The ratio of the content of carbon to the content of total nitrogen （Cc/CTN）WaS 13.5-27.6, which was relatively lower than the appropriate Cc/CTN of 25-30, and indicated that the soil in favor of the organic matter decomposed and nutrients released. Cc/CTN in the soil had no correlation with sea level altitude. However, its distribution in the soil x, aried with different vegetation types. （4） Nitrogen in SOM existed mainly in the form of organic nitrogen, and Cc/CTN in the soil was not obvious correlated with SOM and TN.     

巨尾桉与针叶树种光合生理特性的比较研究

【目的】比较桂林市灵田乡人工巨尾桉(Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla)林和针叶混交林的光合生理特性,探究该地区是否适应巨尾桉的生长。【方法】采用Li-6400型便携式光合仪测定巨尾桉与马尾松、杉木在春季叶片净光合速率(Pn)及其光合生理因子的日变化,并通过相关性分析了解净光合速率与其它光合生理因子的关系。【结果】这3种树种净光合速率在春季均呈现"双峰型"的特点,光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度是影响这3种树种叶片净光合速率日变化的重要因子。【结论】巨尾桉具有较高的水分利用效率(WUE)、光能利用效率(LUE)和CO2利用效率(CUE),还具有适应桂林土山生境且生长快速的特性。     

Dynamic of Grassland Biomass in Different Degenerative Stages

The dynamics of plant community and above- and belowground biomass of the different degenerative stages was researched of Kobresia hurnlis meadows of Nakchu prefecture in Tibet Autonomous Region. The results indicated that the aggravation of the degree of deterioration of alpine meadow is, the lower the vegetation coverage, percentage of excellent forage, and biodiversity are. The total aboveground biomass is highest in the lightly degraded stages while it is lowest in the extremely degraded stages. With the aggravation of degradation, the aboveground biomass of forbs increases while that of Cyperaceae decreases. We found that the belowground biomass was mostly distributed in the 0-10 cm soil depth in the alpine meadow with a ＂T＂-shape distribution feature, and with the acceleration of deterioration, the numbers of roots becomes less and less. Meanwhile, the above- and belowground biomass of the different degraded communities was significantly correlated（r= 0. 963）. There is an obvious positive correlation with the above- and belowground biomass in different degenerative stages, and their ratio increased with the aggravation of degradation.     

Some Results about the Sample Path Properties of Markov Processes with Independent Self-Similar Components

This paper considers a special class of operator self-similar processes Markov processes {X（t）, t≥0} with independent self-similar components, that is, X （ t ） =（X^1（t）,…,X^d（t））, where {X^i（t）,t≥0}, i=1,2,…,d are d independent real valued self-similar Markov processes. By means of Brel-Cantelli lemma, we give two results about asymptotic property as t→∞ of sample paths for two special classes of Markov processes with independent self-similar components.     

Effect of 5′-deletion ofArabidopsis profilin2 promoter on its vascular specific expression

Based on the published sequence of profilin2 promoter ofArabidopsis thaliana, a full-length promoter (1667 bp) was amplified by PCR. The 5′-end deletion fragments with length of 1380, 1153, 969 and 597 bp were then fused withgus (uidA) gene respectively. Constructed plant expression vectors were individually transferred intoKalanchoe laciniata and transgenic plants regenerated. GUS histochemical assay confirmed that the full-length promoter Pfn1.7 was vascular-specific. Deletion assays showed that profilin2 promoter could be divided into three parts. Deletion of fragment 1 (−1667—−1380 bp) resulted in constitutive expression, suggesting that element(s) responsible for vascular-specific expression might exist in this region. Fragment 2 located at −1153—−597 bp strongly inhibitedgus gene expression. Fragment 3 (−597—−1 bp) is considered as a basic domain of profilin2.     

Floristic Characteristics of the Rare and Endangered Plants and the Conservation Countermeasures in Tibet, China

The floristic elements and the geographical distribution are analyzed in this paper based on statistics of elements of rare and endangered plants in Tibet. The results have been gained as following:① According to ““““the National Important Wild Conservative Plants List (List 1)““““ and ““““the National Important Wild Conservative Plants List (List 1)““““, there are a total of 54 plant species (48 genera and 33 families); ② The geographical elements are very complicated in Tibet with 12 of 15 distribution patterns of genera classified byacademician Wu; ③ There are obvious temperate genera with 28 genera accounting for 60.40% of the total genera; ④ There are abundant endemic speciesaccounting for 18.52% of total species but poor endemic genera; ⑤ The geographical distribution is uneven and a great of species distribute in the areas be-tween 1 000 m and 3 500 m above sea level; ⑥ To protect the rare and endangered plants efficiently, six conservation measures are proposed, and 35 species are suggested for the conservative plants of the autonomous conservation level.     

南宁七坡林场尾巨桉人工林生物量的初步研究

【目的】为科学、可持续地经营桉树（Eucalyptus）人工林以及评价桉树人工林在区域碳循环中的地位、作用和生态效益提供有效的依据。【方法】采用平均标准木法和收获法对南宁七坡林场的尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophylla×E．grandis）及其林下植被的生物量进行调查。【结果】在尾巨桉人工林中,各层次生物量呈现乔木层〉灌木层〉草本层,其中尾巨桉生物量最大,处于主导地位;尾巨桉各器官生物量的大小顺序为树干（64．38％）〉根（24．29％）〉树皮（5．97％）〉老枝（2．25％）〉嫩枝（1．56％）〉老叶（1．32％）〉嫩叶（0．20％）。【结论】尾巨桉的生物量主要集中在树干上,叶的生物量最少。