使用混合工质的新型电冷联产循环系统研究

利用氨水混合物沸点低的特点 ,设计了以氨水混合物为工质的电冷联产循环系统 ,该循环系统可以利用4 0 0～ 4 5 0Ｋ的低温热源 ,实现发电与制冷联合生产 ,整个循环系统的热效率比利用同样温度热源的常规热力发电的热效率高出 7%左右 ,为低温太阳能、地热能、电厂废热的高效利用提供了一个新方法 .通过对整个系统的数值模拟 ,进一步分析了该联产系统中汽轮机初压、背压、热源温度、吸收器工作温度等参数之间的关系 ,结果表明 ,汽轮机的初压增加及背压下降会使系统循环效率线性增加 ,而初温增加会使系统循环效率先增加后逐渐下降 .使用混合工质…     

用于CNG冷能回收的低温有机朗肯循环系统热力学分析

针对现有压缩天然气(CNG)降压过程中冷能浪费较大的问题,提出使用低温有机朗肯循环系统回收CNG冷能。通过建立低温有机朗肯循环系统模型,探究循环蒸发温度、冷凝温度以及冷、热源温度等参数对系统性能的影响。研究结果表明:系统净输出功和系统热效率随蒸发温度的上升而增加,且存在1个最优蒸发温度使系统?效率达到最大;系统净输出功随冷凝温度的升高存在1个峰值,系统热效率和?效率均随冷凝温度的升高而降低;提高热源温度和降低冷源温度可以有效提高系统净输出功和系统热效率,但过高的热源温度和过低的冷源温度将导致?损失增大,进而降低系统?效率,同时也对系统设备提出了更高的要求。     

基于有机朗肯循环的低温太阳能发电系统工质的选择

有机朗肯循环系统利用低沸点的有机物作为工质推动透平做功,在低品位热能的利用方面更有优势.循环工质的选择是影响有机朗肯循环系统性能的关键因素之一.本文针对集热温度120℃,蒸发温度在100℃以下的低温太阳能有机朗肯循环系统进行了工质的研究分析,选择R245fa,R123,R236fa,R113,R245ca,R600,R601 7种工质,以工质的热效率、火用效率及系统不可逆损失为评价指标,利用Matlab和PERPROP软件对候选工质的各热力参数进行了比较.结果表明:低温太阳能有机朗肯循环发电系统的选用R123作为循环工质时具有较高的热效率和火用效率,且系统总不可逆损失较低,适合作为蒸发温度100℃以下的低温有机朗肯循环系统的循环工质.     

新型核能系统S-CO2布雷顿循环特性研究

根据中国加速器驱动嬗变研究装置(CiADS)概念设计,完成了CiADS与超临界二氧化碳(SCO_2)布雷顿循环的设计分析.分析了再压缩超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环关键参数对S-CO_2布雷顿循环系统热力学性质的影响.计算结果表明,汽轮机入口温度、系统循环压比、冷凝器热端出口温度、高低温回热器端差等循环参数对循环热效率有显著影响.利用遗传算法优化计算CiADS与S-CO_2结合最高效率为35.932%,与其他采用超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环的核电站相比,加速器驱动嬗变研究装置的热效率不是最高的,但其热效率随着反应堆出口温度的升高而提高.证明了CiADS与S-CO_2结合进行发电是一种可行的设计.     

回热式有机朗肯循环冷能发电系统变热源温度实验研究

针对当前开展液化天然气冷能发电的实验研究难度大且实验参考的数据少等问题,提出一种以R290为循环工质、液氮为冷源的回热式有机朗肯循环(ORC)冷能发电实验系统。通过实验研究,探索热源温度在20～55℃范围内,机械输出功、发电量、功电转换效率、热效率和冷能利用率等重要性能参数随热源温度变化的规律,并与常规ORC冷能发电系统进行比较。结果表明：在一定范围内,热源温度的增加有利于提升ORC冷能发电系统的总体性能,且系统存在一个与冷源匹配的最佳热源温度;当冷热源处于最佳匹配时,回热循环对ORC冷能发电系统的机械输出功、发电量、热效率和冷能利用率等参量有明显的提升,分别增加了26.2%、12.7%、16.4%和16.6%,但功电转换效率出现降低,下降了10.7%。这些规律将对系统运行时关键参数的调整和控制以及优化设计提供一定的参考依据。     

几种低沸点工质余热发电系统的热力性能比较

基于低品位余热的有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电系统,以某工业装置排出的流量为3×105 m3/h、温度为120 ℃的低温烟气为研究对象,针对几种高温有机工质,分析工质流量以及汽轮机膨胀比对系统性能的影响.研究结果表明:当工质流量小于15 kg/s时,汽轮机及循环热效率随着工质流量增大而迅速提高;但当工质流量超过15 kg/s时,汽轮机效率及热效率变化不大;工质的沸点越大,汽轮机内效率越高;随着汽轮机膨胀比的增加,系统所需的质量流量减小,而系统的热效率及效率提高;当工质流量或吸热量相同时,几种工质中R123的循环热效率最高,输出功率最大,是系统工质的较好选择.     

天然气CO2转化化学回热热力循环

提出了一种由天然气CO2转化化学回热动力循环和氨吸收制冷循环构成的新型O2/CO2热力循环系统.其中,采用天然气CO2转化化学回热回收较高温度的燃气透平排气热量,采用氨吸收制冷循环回收较低温度的排气热量,并利用制冷循环产生冷量作CO2循环压气机进气冷却.研究了该循环的热力学性能及其影响参数,考察了循环压比和进气冷却温度对系统循环的影响规律.新循环的系统模拟结果表明,基于1 kg/s的CH4进料流量及透平初温1 573.15 K条件,系统产功24.799 MW,发电效率达到49.6%,并可输出冷量0.609 MW.系统综合火用效率达到47.9%.同时,可回收2.246 kg/s的水,捕集2.743 kg/s液态形式的CO2,实现了循环系统的CO2和NOx准零排放.     

螺杆膨胀机有机朗肯循环系统的变工况特性

针对螺杆膨胀机的工作特点,建立了其简化热力计算模型及示功图.以R123制冷剂为工质,采用螺杆膨胀机有机朗肯循环系统进行华北油田中低温采油伴生热液的利用发电,筛选了变工况下影响系统性能的主要因素,通过迭代求解系统的稳态参数,并对比了净功率、热效率及火用损失.结果表明:过热蒸汽有利于提高单位工质的输出功率,但会引起系统的净功率下降;冷却水进口温度对系统的影响最大,夏季温度较高,将会使得系统的输出功率严重偏离额定功率,保证冷凝器的冷凝效果是改善系统性能的有效措施;热源温度对系统输出功率的影响大于热源流量的影响.     

三种中低温余热蒸汽发电系统的比较研究

建立了150~350℃中低温余热蒸汽低沸点有机工质联合循环(S-ORC)发电系统数学模型.比较了相同热源条件下,水蒸气朗肯循环(SRC)、有机朗肯循环(ORC)及S-ORC三种发电系统的热效率、效率、运行压力、发电量.结果表明:150~210℃热源条件下,ORC有着最高的热效率、效率和发电量;210~350℃热源条件下,S-ORC的各项性能有优势,其热效率和效率均高于SRC和ORC发电系统.     

低品位能源利用热力学基础及评价

我国具有丰富的低品位能源,如中低温余热能,利用有机朗肯循环(ORC)将这些低品位能源转换为功,对提高我国的能源利用率和改善环境问题具有重要的意义。研究工作进展顺利,取得了如下成果:提出了一种跨临界和亚临界有机朗肯循环耦合系统。对比单级跨临界ORC系统,耦合系统具有较高的热效率和较大的净输出功,中间耦合换热器的节点温差对系统热效率和净输出功具有重要影响。增设预热器后,虽然热效率有所降低,但其净输出功增加较多。以净输出功、热效率和发电成本为性能指标对八种非共沸混合工质在不同成分配比下的系统性能进行了分析和对比。结果表明,混合工质浓度对系统热效率、净输出功和发电成本具有重要影响,可能存在一个最佳浓度比使系统净输出功或热效率最大。计算还发现,混合工质系统经济性相对于纯工质系统并没有优势。基于热经济学原理,建立了亚临界ORC系统的多目标优化模型,优化了相关运行参数及工作流体的选择;研究了在不同热源温度条件下的亚临界ORC系统利用不同临界温度的有机工质时,系统净功、火用效率及电能产出成本与烟气出口温度的对应关系。结果表明,采用不同的性能指标对有机朗肯循环优化所得优化结果不相同,对ORC系统进行多目标优化,可以较好地"协调"各性能指标间的关系,使所要求的各项指标均能达到较优;存在最佳烟气出口温度使系统净功最大和电能产出成本最低,但最佳烟气出口温度总是低于最低允许排烟温度,而系统火用效率始终随烟气出口温度增加而增大。对热源进行了分类。理论和数值模拟两方面都表明:对于耦合第一类低品位热源的ORC,以净功为目标,要求工质具有较高的液体比热和较低的蒸发潜热;对于耦合第二类热源的ORC,期望采用具有较低液体比热和较高蒸发潜热的工质,使系统热效率(净功)较高。针对氢氟烃和烃等组成的二元共沸、非共沸混合工质的在不同冷源条件下的亚临界ORC循环性能分析,得到某些组分下的混合物的循环性能。并阐明了二元混合物组元沸点差、配比、冷源温升与ORC循环之间的匹配关系;设计并搭建了混合物的汽液相平衡实验台、高精度流体密度测量装置,揭示了多元混合物系p-ρ-T-x特性和相平衡特性,获得了高精度物性数据及相关理论预测模型;初步开展了混合工质关键组元的高温相平衡实验研究,模拟结果与文献实测数据有很好的一致性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-