蚜蝇科昆虫比较线粒体基因组分析

通过检索GenBank数据库(截止2018年9月)和查阅文献资料,对已知的6种蚜蝇线粒体基因组全序列进行了分析,其基本结构特点是:1)全序列在碱基组成中表现出很强的AT偏向性; 2)未出现基因重排现象; 3) tRNA基因的二级结构为典型的三叶草结构; 4)大多数线粒体蛋白编码基因的起始密码子都是ATN。同时基于8条线粒体基因组全序列(含3个外群)构建蚜蝇科系统发育关系,结果支持蚜蝇科的单系性。     

A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand

The fossil record of the living great apes is poor. New fossils from undocumented areas, particularly the equatorial forested habitats of extant hominoids, are therefore crucial for understanding their origins and evolution. Two main competing hypotheses have been proposed for orang-utan origins: dental similarities support an origin from Lufengpithecus, a South Chinese and Thai Middle Miocene hominoid; facial and palatal similarities support an origin from Sivapithecus, a Miocene hominoid from the Siwaliks of Indo-Pakistan. However, materials other than teeth and faces do not support these hypotheses. Here we describe the lower jaw of a new hominoid from the Late Miocene of Thailand, Khoratpithecus piriyai gen. et sp. nov., which shares unique derived characters with orang-utans and supports a hypothesis of closer relationships with orang-utans than other known Miocene hominoids. It can therefore be considered as the closest known relative of orang-utans. Ancestors of this great ape were therefore evolving in Thailand under tropical conditions similar to those of today, in contrast with Southern China and Pakistan, where temperate or more seasonal climates appeared during the Late Miocene.     

3种金线鲃属鱼类基因组微卫星的筛选与分析

利用生物信息学的方法,基于已公布的滇池金线鲃、安水金线鲃和犀角金线鲃的全基因组序列,筛选出3种金线鲃全基因组中的微卫星,并对所得数据进行分析。结果显示:在滇池金线鲃、安水金线鲃和犀角金线鲃全基因组中分别筛选出完美微卫星851 732个、849 226个和848 258个,其丰度分别为543. 39个/Mb、561. 32个/Mb和557. 52个/Mb; 3种金线鲃鱼类基因组中二碱基重复类型最多,分别占全部微卫星总数的50. 24%、40. 72%和40. 72%,其次是单碱基四碱基三碱基五碱基六碱基;安水金线鲃和犀角金线鲃基因组中的核心重复类别比例最高的为A,而滇池金线鲃核心重复序列比例最高的为AC; 3种鱼类基因组微卫星序列分布结果表明,位于外显子上的数量远低于内含子和基因间隔区。     

Comparative analysis of A, B, C and D genomes in the genus Oryza with Cot-1 DNA of C genome

Fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） was applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza officinalis Wall. （CC）, O. sativa L. （AA）xO. officinalis F1 hybrid （AC）, backcross progenies BC1 （AAC and ACC）, O. latifolia Desv. （CCDD）, O. alta Swallen （CCDD） and O. punctata Kotschy （BBCC） with a labelled probe of Cot-1 DNA from O. officinalis. In O. officinalis, the homologous chromosomes showed similar signal bands probed by Cot-1 DNA and karyotype analysis was conducted based on the band patterns. Using no blocking DNA, the probe identified the chromosomes of C genome clearly, but detected few signals on chromosomes of A genome in the F1 hybrid and two backcross progenies of BC1. It is obvious that the highly and moderately repetitive DNA sequences were considerably different between C and A genomes. The chromosomes of C genome were also discriminated from the chromosomes of Dand B-genome in the tetraploid species O. latifolia, O. alta and O. punctata by Cot-1 DNA-FISH. Comparison of the fluorescence intensity on the chromosomes of B, C and D genomes in O. latifolia, O. alta, and O. punctata indicated that the differentiations between C and D genomes are less than that between C and B genomes. The relationship between C and D genomes in O. alta is closer than that of C and D genomes in O. latifolia. This would be one of the causes for the fact that both the genomes are of the same karyotype （CCDD） but belong to different species. The above results showed that the Cot-1 DNA had a high specificity of genome and species. In this paper, the origin of allotetraploid in genus Oryza is also discussed.     

Comparative analysis of A,B,C and D genomes in the genus Oryza with C_0t-1 DNA of C genome

The genus Oryza includes two cultivated species, O. sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud. and comprises more than 20 species[1]. The genomes of Oryza are classified into 10 types: AA, BB, CC, BBCC, CCDD, EE, FF, GG, HHJJ and HHKK[2,3]. Morphological variatio…     

柳树痂囊腔菌的基因组测序和比较基因组分析

【目的】报道柳树痂囊腔菌(Elsinoë murrayae)的全基因组序列,与甜橙痂囊腔菌杨树致病型的基因组进行比较分析,为阐述柳树痂囊腔菌的致病和适应性机制提供参考。【方法】采用Illumina HiSeq 2500 测序仪对柳树痂囊腔菌的全基因组序列进行测序,预测蛋白编码基因,筛选与致病相关的碳水化合物活性酶基因、小分泌蛋白基因和次生代谢产物基因簇。根据痂囊腔属真菌基因的直系同源关系,筛选柳树痂囊腔菌和甜橙痂囊腔菌杨树致病型之间共有特异性的基因和二者之间差异基因,并进行GO富集分析。鉴定柳树痂囊腔菌的交配类型位点,使用特异性引物进行PCR,检测分离株的交配类型。【结果】组装获得了1个20.7 Mb基因组,完整度99%;预测出8 256个蛋白编码基因,其中包括486个碳水化合物活性酶基因,193个小分泌蛋白基因和16个次生代谢产物基因簇 (GenBank登录号:NKHZ00000000)。系统进化和共线性分析显示柳树痂囊腔菌和甜橙痂囊腔菌杨树致病型亲缘关系最近,两者之间具有12个在其他痂囊腔菌中没有的共有特异性基因。两个真菌的比较基因组分析,筛选出752和1 746个差异基因,主要参与碳水化合物代谢和毒素代谢的生物学过程。已有分离株的交配类型均为MAT1-2。【结论】获得柳树病原真菌-柳树痂囊腔菌的基因组,筛选出痂囊腔菌中负责寄主适应性的候选基因,分析了柳树痂囊腔菌交配系统,这可为柳树病害防治和柳树-病原真菌相互作用研究提供关键信息。     

Topological domains in mammalian genomes identified by analysis of chromatin interactions

The spatial organization of the genome is intimately linked to its biological function, yet our understanding of higher order genomic structure is coarse, fragmented and incomplete. In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, interphase chromosomes occupy distinct chromosome territories, and numerous models have been proposed for how chromosomes fold within chromosome territories. These models, however, provide only few mechanistic details about the relationship between higher order chromatin structure and genome function. Recent advances in genomic technologies have led to rapid advances in the study of three-dimensional genome organization. In particular, Hi-C has been introduced as a method for identifying higher order chromatin interactions genome wide. Here we investigate the three-dimensional organization of the human and mouse genomes in embryonic stem cells and terminally differentiated cell types at unprecedented resolution. We identify large, megabase-sized local chromatin interaction domains, which we term 'topological domains', as a pervasive structural feature of the genome organization. These domains correlate with regions of the genome that constrain the spread of heterochromatin. The domains are stable across different cell types and highly conserved across species, indicating that topological domains are an inherent property of mammalian genomes. Finally, we find that the boundaries of topological domains are enriched for the insulator binding protein CTCF, housekeeping genes, transfer RNAs and short interspersed element (SINE) retrotransposons, indicating that these factors may have a role in establishing the topological domain structure of the genome.     

Construction and initial analysis of five Fosmid libraries of mitochondrial genomes of cotton （Gossypium）

Cotton （Gossypium） is an important crop providing textile fiber and edible oil. To gain the insights into mechanism of the cyto- plasmic male sterility （CMS） inheritance, we constructed five fosmid libraries of mitochondrial genomes from mitotype of G. harknessii Brandegee. （one CMS line and its restorer）, mitotype of G. hirsutum L. （one CMS line and its maintainer）, and G. bar- badense L. The numbers of the clones in these libraries ranged from 1152 to 2016 with an average insert size of 36.2 to 38.4 kb, equivalent to 70-119.3 mitogenomes. The libraries were screened with 28 markers derived from the conservative sequences and yielded 22, 19, 26, 21, and 23 positive clones, respectively. These positive clones were used to construct the physical map of G. harknessii Brandegee. CMS line and G. barbadense L. mitogenomes that shared six syntenis regions. A total of 30 genes in nine clusters showed conservative and had high similarity with those in the mitochondrial genomes of cotton, Carica papaya, Cucur- bita pepo and Nicotiana tabacum. Further investigation indicated that gene rrn26 had two copies in all five cotton mitogenomes, while genes atpl, rrn5 and rrn18 had two copies only in G. barbadense L. The positive clones and physical map are considered being useful resources in cotton genomics research.     

孟加拉湾风暴Akash和Nargis对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料,对比分析2007年5月第1号孟加拉湾风暴Akash和2008年5月第1号孟加拉湾风暴Nargis的移动路径、环流背景和垂直速度场.结果表明:2007和2008年的第1号孟加拉湾风暴是2007年5月和2008年5月造成云南首场全省性强降水天气过程的主要影响天气系统;2次孟加拉湾风暴的移动路径不同,导致云南强降水分布也不同;西太平洋副热带高压的强弱与孟加拉湾风暴引导气流的建立有密切的关系,对孟加拉湾风暴的移动路径和云南强降水分布有直接的影响.     

国内外院士信息综合集成与展示平台的对比

建设系统化的新型中国院士信息综合集成与展示平台,可以为各类学术研究、科学精神教育提供素材。在充分调研已有的国内外院士综合集成平台的基础上,结合中国院士信息集成平台建设现状,选取具有代表性的系统开展对比分析研究,对新型院士信息集成平台的建设和未来院士信息展示的方向提出了4点建议:推动不同机构间院士信息资料开放共享;加快院士信息资料标准化建设;多视角完善新型院士信息集成平台服务功能,多方位满足用户需求;明晰平台定位,形成长效可持续的平台运营模式。     

短小芽孢杆菌BA06的比较基因组分析

将短小芽孢杆菌BA06与其他18个短小芽孢杆菌菌株进行全基因组比较,鉴定出BA06基因组中有包括抗性岛、毒力岛、共生岛在内的12个基因组岛或噬菌体序列.基因家族分析鉴定出BA06有3个特异性基因家族,9个基因家族发生扩张,3个基因家族有所收缩.表明BA06在短小芽孢杆菌这一菌种中具有突出的抗药性与运动能力,并具有除皮革脱毛外更多的生物学特性.     

定量蛋白质组学及其在颅内动脉瘤中的研究进展

 颅内动脉瘤（IA）是颅内动脉壁的某一部分因病变而向外突出所形成的永久性扩张,是造成蛛网膜下腔出血的首位病因。定量蛋白质组学,作为新近出现的一种崭新的研究手段,为治疗颅内动脉瘤提供了新的研究思路。通过同位素标记相对和绝对定量（iTRAQ）技术及二维液相色谱-串联质谱（2D-LC-MS/MS）法筛选动脉瘤壁差异表达蛋白质,为动脉瘤形成和破裂的分子机制研究提供了帮助。本文综述了颅内动脉瘤的研究进展以及定量蛋白质组学技术在颅内动脉瘤研究中的应用。     

PKI信任模型比较分析

信任在PKI中扮演着重要的角色,信任模型反映了现实世界中的信任关系。介绍了几种广泛使用的安全模型,并且运用比较研究方法从不同的方面对各个模型各自的优缺点进行了比较分析,最后就各个模型的应用范围提出了指导性建议。     

Proteomics to study genes and genomes

Proteomics, the large-scale analysis of proteins, will contribute greatly to our understanding of gene function in the post-genomic era. Proteomics can be divided into three main areas: (1) protein micro-characterization for large-scale identification of proteins and their post-translational modifications; (2) 'differential display' proteomics for comparison of protein levels with potential application in a wide range of diseases; and (3) studies of protein-protein interactions using techniques such as mass spectrometry or the yeast two-hybrid system. Because it is often difficult to predict the function of a protein based on homology to other proteins or even their three-dimensional structure, determination of components of a protein complex or of a cellular structure is central in functional analysis. This aspect of proteomic studies is perhaps the area of greatest promise. After the revolution in molecular biology exemplified by the ease of cloning by DNA methods, proteomics will add to our understanding of the biochemistry of proteins, processes and pathways for years to come.     

英汉互译中的对比分析

翻译过程是在译入语中找出与原语对等的表达法的过程，在确定两种语言中的表达法是否对等，必须对其进行对比分析，本文对语音，词汇，语法，篇章，语用等几个方面分析了英汉两种语言的异同，为翻译实践提供理论基础。