硝基苯制备苯胺新方法探索

在常压CO2—H2O体系中,实现了铁粉选择还原硝基苯制备苯胺.在室温常压条件下,苯胺的选择性为100%,硝基苯的转化率可达100%.     

乙醇重整制氢对邻氯硝基苯的原位加氢合成邻氯苯胺的研究

制备了两种PVP稳定的负载型稀土金属催化剂, 考察了其催化邻氯硝基苯（o-CNB）选择加氢制备邻氯苯胺（o-CAN）的催化性能. 所用氢气通过乙醇的液相催化重整产生并直接用于邻氯硝基苯的原位加氢. 评价了不同反应条件（温度、时间、Fe修饰剂等）对邻氯硝基苯的选择加氢的影响. 研究表明, PVP-La/γ-Al2O3催化剂比另一贵金属催化剂PVP-Pd/γ-Al2O3拥有更好的催化性能. 同时, 在优化的条件下, Fe修饰的PVP-La/γ-Al2O3催化剂催化的邻氯硝基苯选择加氢反应中, o-CNB的转化     

Staphylococcus saprophyticus JJ-1协同所合成的钯纳米颗粒还原邻氯硝基苯

研究细菌合成纳米颗粒原位还原硝基苯类污染物,为废水中有机物的去除提供参考和思路.首先利用Staphylococcu. saprophyticus JJ-1还原氯钯酸钠合成生物钯纳米颗粒(Bio-Pd NPs),采用一系列表征技术对所合成的Bio-Pd纳米颗粒的形貌、尺寸、晶型进行分析.进一步,利用"S. saprophyticus JJ-1/Bio-Pd"复合体系,还原转化邻氯硝基苯(O-Chloronitrobenzene,2-CNB),利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)对2-CNB的还原途径和还原产物进行分析.结果表明,S. saprophyticus JJ-1能够合成Bio-Pd NPs,并于所合成的Bio-Pd NPs协同作用催化邻氯硝基苯的还原. GC-MS分析显示,邻氯硝基苯的还原产物为邻氯苯胺、硝基苯以及苯胺,说明在此体系下既可以实现硝基还原又可以进行脱氯反应. HPLC对邻氯硝基苯及其还原产物的定量分析显示,邻氯苯胺、硝基苯为中间产物,苯胺为最终产物.此外,研究结果表明,为建立还原2-CNB的"S. saprophyticus JJ-1/Bio-Pd"复合体系,最适的氯钯酸钠浓度为0.2 mmol/L,邻氯硝基苯的浓度上限不应超过0.6 mmol/L. S. saprophyticus JJ-1能够快速的合成Bio-Pd NPs,并于所合成的Bio-Pd NPs构成协同体系,很好地催化邻氯硝基苯(2-CNB)的还原转化.     

水溶性钌络合物催化卤代芳香硝基化合物选择性加氢的研究

研究了水／有机两相催化体系中，水溶性钌络合物催化剂AC—1催化卤代芳香硝基化合物中硝基的选择性加氢反应．以对—氯硝基苯为底物，考察了表面活性剂种类及浓度、反应温度、氢压、催化剂浓度和反应时间等对反应转化率和选择性的影响．实验结果表明，阳离子表面活性剂对反应有明显的影响，其中以添加十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)效果最好．当反应条件为90℃，氢压4．0MPa时，反应5h，对-氯硝基苯转化率可达100％，生成对—氯苯胺的选择性可达99．9％．该催化体系对其它卤代芳香硝基化合物的选择性加氢也具有很高的活性和选择性。     

Pd/C中Pd粒径调控及对多氯硝基苯的催化还原影响

为控制多氯硝基苯加氢制备多氯苯胺的深度脱氯,在Pd/C催化剂制备中,考察了硝酸浓度、催化剂还原温度和时间对催化剂上Pd粒径及催化加氢活性和选择性的影响。结果表明:Pd粒径的增大导致催化剂对多氯硝基苯的催化活性下降,但多氯苯胺的选择性上升;随着硝酸浓度的增加,Pd的分散性和粒径先增大后减少,而还原温度和时间的增加可增大Pd的粒径;采用15%硝酸处理、200~250℃下氢气还原4~5 h可获得较理想的Pd粒径为16~20 nm的Pd/C催化剂;对五氯硝基苯加氢还原呈现较高的加氢活性和选择性,转化率可达99%以上,五氯苯胺选择性可达96%以上。     

负载型钌-铱双金属催化剂催化对氯硝基苯选择性加氢

采用异丙醇浸渍法制备了负载型Ru-Ir/γ-A l2O3双金属催化剂用于催化对氯硝基苯的选择加氢。系统考察了温度、压力、时间、溶剂的极性及底物浓度对于催化加氢反应的影响。实验结果表明,在Ru-Ir/γ-A l2O3双金属催化体系中,催化剂的活性和目标产物的选择性较好。在P(H2)=1.0 MPa,70℃,反应150 m in的条件下,双金属催化剂Ru-Ir/γ-A l2O3催化对氯硝基苯中硝基选择性加氢反应转化率达到100%,生成对氯苯胺选择性达95%。     

绿锈还原转化邻氯硝基苯实验研究

合成2种含有结构态Fe(Ⅱ)的化合物——硫酸盐绿锈(GRSO4)和碳酸盐绿锈(GRCO3),研究了它们对邻氯硝基苯(CNB)的还原转化能力,并探讨了反应途径和还原产物.实验表明,2种绿锈都能使邻氯硝基苯发生快速的还原转化,绿锈中的结构态Fe(Ⅱ)是主要的还原活性组分,GRSO4的还原能力明显大于GRCO3.还原产物主要为邻氯苯胺,绿锈被氧化为磁铁矿、针铁矿等含铁矿物.pH值对绿锈还原能力有重要影响,pH值升高有利于绿锈对CNB的还原.     

PVP-2Ru／1Pt双金属胶体催化氢化氯代硝基苯

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为保护剂,乙醇为还原剂,乙醇-水为溶剂制备了PVP-2Ru／1Pt双金属胶体．以PVP-2Ru／1Pt催化间氯硝基苯（m-CNB）和对氯硝基苯（p-CNB）的催化氢化反应．考察了底物浓度、催化剂浓度和反应温度等因素的影响．当反应温度为30℃,氢气压力为0．1MPa时,反应速率分别可达0．0545（m-CNB）和0．0542（p-CNB）s^-1,转化率均可达到100％,间氯苯胺和对氯苯胺的选择性分别可达99．3％和〉99．9％．     

相转移催化合成邻硝基苯甲醚

以苄基三丁基氯化铵做相转移催化剂，邻硝基氯苯、甲醇和氢氧化钠为原料，在常压下合成了邻硝基苯甲醚。并对原料配比、反应时间、催化剂的选择及用量对转化率的影响进行了讨论。在最佳反应条件下邻硝基氯苯的转化率＞９９％，邻硝基苯甲醚的收率为９３％，凝固点≥９．８℃。     

硝基苯选择还原合成苯基羟胺的研究

本文研究了80℃常压CO2-H2O体系中,锌粉选择还原硝基苯生成苯基羟胺的反应.硝基苯的转化率随反应时间的延长而增加,同时苯基羟胺和苯胺的产率也增大,但苯基羟胺的选择性基本不变.通过实验证实苯胺是通过原料硝基苯和苯基羟胺还原而得到的.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that