Assessment of the Impact of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on the Tourist Scenery in Tibet

This article briefly makes account of the characters of the tourist resources along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. According to the diversity and distinctiveness of the natural landscape along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, its scientific studying values, aesthetic values and cultural values are summaized in this text. The article analysed the main types of construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway which would cause impacts to the landscapes along the line： roadbed construction, grounds of fetching and abandoning soil, sand and gravel material field, pavement for constructon, construction camp, etc. The impacts caused by construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway to the tourist scenery in Tibet are raised and the preventive and restorative measures needed to be taken to reduce and ease up the impacts of the railway project to the landscapes long the line are offered. The various measures raised above are in line with the characters of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and are operational.     

The Impact of Climate Warming on Permafrost and Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Global wanning is an inarguable fact. Permafrost is experiencing a change due to climate warming in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, such as the decreasing of permafrost table, the rising of permafrost temperature, etc. On the basis of analysing the permafrost change under the climate change and engineering action, the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost are predicted for air temperature rising 1℃ and 2.6℃ after 50 years in this paper. The results show that climate change results in the larger change for the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost. Permafrost change will produce the great effect on the Qinghai- Tibet Railway engineering, not only resulting in the decreasing of permafrost table beneath the roadbed, but also resulting in thawing settlement due to the thawing of ground ice near permafrost table. The idea of cooling roadbed and actively protecting permafrost for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway engineering could adjust and control the permafrost thermal state, some better methods are provided to ensure the engineering stability in the areas of warm permafrost and high ice content.     

Construction Management Innovation and Practice in Qinghai-Tibet Railway Project

The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is one of the significant decisions made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council at the beginning of the new millennium, it is also the landmark project of the China＇ s Western Region Development campaign. The railway will become an economical, high-speed, high capacity, all-weather passageway, which will play an irreplaceable role in the areas it links, in terms of economic prosperity and social advancement, the implementation of the opening up policy, in strengthening unity of different ethnic groups, as well as the wellbeing of all the residents along the way. Since its commencement on June 29^th, 2001, the Golmud-Lhasa Section （G-L Section） of the Qinghai-Tibet railway has been advancing safely and smoothly, with high construction quality. Up to now, the main structures along the whole section are nearly completed, experimental projects in the post-station section are almost concluded （except signal works）, tracks of 743 km have been laid. In 2005, the whole project entered its decisive stage. The goal of this year is： totally complete the sub-track works, nearly complete post-station works, completely link up the whole section. During the construction, three major obstacles must be removed, i.e., permafrost soil, deficient oxygen content in arctic alpine regions, and the fragile ecological environment. Up to now, remarkable achievement has been made in struggling with the three problems, and precious experience of constructing railway on permafrost plateau has been acquired. All the roadbeds, culverts and tunnels are of stable and reliable quality so far.     

Experimental Study on Riprap Air-Cooled Roadbed of Qinghai-Tibet Railway

The riprap air-cooled roadbed and common roadbed experimental project were designed and carried on in Qingshuihe test filed, an area of warm permafrost category with the fine frozen soil along Qinghai-Tibet Railway, to decide the temperature field of the roadbed after railway construction. Based on ground temperature variation of natural hole, left and fight shoulder＇ s hole, the maximum thawing depth, and the deformation in these two kinds of roadbed were analysed comparatively. It showed that the riprap air-cooled roadbed had better effect of lowering ground temperature, lifting the maximum frozen-thawing depth obviously and decreasing deformation than that of the common roadbed. Therefore, the riprap air-cooled roadbed was a positive frozen soil protection measure for it effectively decreased ground temperature and protected permafrost.     

The Features of the Ecological Environment and Protective Solutions along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

On29June,2001aninaugurationceremonyfortheQuinghai TibetRailway,aprojectattractingworldwideattention,washeldsimultaneouslyattheCityofGolmudinQinghaiprovince,andtheCityofLhasainTibetAutonomousRegion,indicatingthattheconstructionofthesectionfromGolmudtoLhasaoftheQinghai TibetRailwaywasfullytocarryout.ThePlateauofQinghai Tibethasaveryfragileecologicalenvironment.ThestategaveprioritytotheissueoftheecologicalenvironmentalprotectionintheconstructionoftheQinghai TibetRailway.PresidentJiangZh…     

Application and Study on Dynamic Design in Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction

0Preface Permafrostisasoilmediumwhichisextremely sensitivetotemperatureandsurroundingfactors.Themostessentialdistinctionbetweenpermafrost andotherrockorsoilisthatitcontainsground ice.Whileconstructinganystructureson permafrost,twomajorengineeringproblemsmustbesolved:freezingheaveinflationandthawing settlement.TheGolmud LhasaSectionofQinghai Tibet Railway,withatotallengthof1118km,hasa totaldistanceof632kmrunningonpermafrost,outofwhichabout550kmiscontinuous permafrost,82kmispatchypermafrost,9…     

Discussion on the Designing Difficulties of Fenghoshan Tunnel on Qinghai-Tibet Railway

1ProjectProfile FenghuoshanTunnelofQinghai TibetRailwaylocatedatthelowerpartofhighmountainous regions,withbigundulatingtopography,well developedsurfaceditches.Themountain,which housesthetunnel,is4996mabovethesealevel.Thetunnelis1338mlong,thealtitudeofthetrackis4900m.Theclimateisoficeandsnow climateofQinghai TibetPlateau,dry,and constantlychanging.Thetemperatureandtheairpressureislow.Springandautumnareshort,the freezingseasonstartsinSeptemberandendsin Aprilnextyear.Accordingtotheobservati…     

A Roadbed Cooling Approach for the Construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Over one half of the permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is ＂warm＂ and approximately 40% ice-rich. Under global warming, the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway needs to consider climate changes over the next 50 - 100 years. Recent estimates indicate that the air temperature on the plateau will increase by 2.2- 2.6℃ by 2050. Thus, the key to the success of the railway construction lies in preventing the permafrost underlying roadbeds from thawing. It has been more than 100 years since the first railway was build over permafrost. A frost damage ratio of greater than 30 % has been reported for all the railroads built in permafrost regions. Based upon the experience and lessons leamed from roadway constructions over permafrost, this paper proposes a more proactive design approach for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. This approach focuses on cooling down the roadbed by lowering the ground temperature and is different from the passive method of preventing permafrost from thawing by simply increasing thermal resistance （e. g., increasing embankment height and using insulating materials）. This ＂roadbed cooling＂ design approach is especially relevant to ＂warm＂ and ice-rich permafrost areas. A number of measures can be taken to cool down the roadbed, including proper selection of roadbed material, and configurations to adjust solar radiation, heat convection, and heat conduction patterus in and/or around the roadbed.     

Study and Application of Health Care Measure in Tunnel Construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway

1Overview FenghuoshanTunnelProjectwasakeycontrol projectinQinghai TibetRailwayconstruction.It wasarailwaytunnelofthehighestelevationintheworldwithrailheadlevel4905mandtotallength1338m.Table1Railwaytunnelofhighaltitudeintheworld TunnelnameGuanjiaotunnelYangbajingtunnelKunlunshantunnelJialiertunnelFenghuoshantunnel Sealevelelevation m36984313450046804905NationalityChinaChinaChinaPeruChina Constructiondecade19782003200218932002TheFenghuoshanwasstyled“lifeforbidden zone”.Itsannualaverag…     

青藏铁路运营期间冻土路基裂缝问题研究

运营期青藏铁路冻土区路基工程最值得关注的变化是不同部位裂缝的发生和发展以及对线路安全运行的影响.通过对不同时期青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程裂缝发生发展影响因素的分析,认为冻土区路基工程基底地温场的不对称以及基底土体冻融过程不同步是路基工程变形裂缝发生的主要原因,路基坡脚和周围冻土水热环境变化是裂缝发展的拉动力,路基填料性质也是不容忽略的因素;根据运营期间冻土路基热状态和工程状态分析,对运营期青藏铁路冻土路基工程状态进行了初步评价,并提出了减少或消除地温场的不对称及保护路基坡脚冻土环境,从而抑制冻土路基裂缝的工程对策.     

青藏铁路钻孔桩施工技术浅谈

在青藏铁路钻孔桩施工过程中，通过使用先进的机械设备和科学合理的施工组织安排，以及重点工序的质量控制，既提高了工作效率，又保证桩基质量、确保了施工工期。简要介绍了钻孔桩施工工艺及工程的质量控制等内容。     

西藏旅游中期青藏铁路效应与市场应对策略

2006年7月1日青藏铁路通车后,西藏旅游实现了高速增长,这种增长具有明显的青藏铁路效应。文章比较了青藏铁路运营几年来西藏旅游接待情况,将这种井喷式效应分为前期、中期和长期三个效应阶段,并结合建设西藏重要的世界旅游目的地目标,重点探讨了中期青藏铁路效应的延续及市场应对的策略。     

基于青藏铁路建设沿线文化资源和生态环境保护的工程伦理学启示

文章以青藏铁路建设沿线地方文化资源和生态环境保护为研究基础,提出了保护地方文化资源和生态环境是工程师的重要伦理责任,论述了相应的行为指引,指出了加强工程职业自治、展开工程伦理规范建设的必要性.提出了我国工程伦理学规范建设的内容应包括工程决策要兼顾地方群体利益,工程行为要遵循最高伦理标准,加快工程伦理规范建设等方面.     

Study on Occupational Health Surveillance System Used during Construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Whencarryingouthealthsurveillancetocertain occupationalgroups,establishmentofobjectivediseaseandmonitoringindexsystemshouldbe mainlyaccordingtothecategoriesofharmfulfactorsandthedegreeofharmtohealthin constructionenvironment[1-2].From2001to2002,naturalenvironmentfactorsincludingairtemperature,airpressure,anddistributive pressureofoxygen,theharmfulproductivefactors,suchasCO,NO,NO2,dustandnoise,andthephysicallaborintensityof38typicalposts arealldetermined.Theresultshowsthatduring altitudeconst…     

青藏铁路沿线西藏段地质旅游资源开发建议

文章主要介绍了青藏铁路沿线西藏段地质旅游资源及其特征,并提出了开发建议。这对加快青藏铁路沿线西藏段地质旅游资源的勘查和开发利用,增加当地群众收入,促进民族地方经济发展,将起到积极的推动作用。     

青藏铁路背景下的“两南兴藏”

青藏铁路通车促进了西藏与内地的交流,带动了青藏铁路沿线甘肃、青海与西藏的经济文化交流。这样的客观条件为费孝通先生＂两南兴藏＂设想的实施带来了新机遇。文章详细陈述了费孝通先生关于＂两南兴藏＂设想的论述,进一步界定了＂两南兴藏＂的内涵和外延,指出实施＂两南兴藏＂的重要理论和现实意义,并就此设想的实施提出政策建议。     

Study on the Technology of Restoration and Giving a New Lease of Life to the Alpine Grassland Vegetation in the Constuction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

1BasicBackgroundoftheExperi mentalStudy1.1TheBasisandPurposeoftheStudyTheconstructionoftheQinghai TibetRailwayistheensuranceoftheprosperityandsustainable developmentofQinghaiProvinceandTibetAutonomousRegion.Throughscientificandexperimentalstudyandtheapplicationofnew technology,strengtheningtheprotectionofecologicalenvironmentandtherestorationofthesurfacevegetationaftertheconstructionaretheimportantworkcontentofbuildingtheQinghai TibetRailwayintotherailwayofenvironmentalprotection.Ontheq…     

Study on the Technology of Restoration and Giving a New Lease of Life to the Alpine Grassland Vegetation in the Construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

This article gives a summary and analasis to experimental study on the restoration and giving a new lease of life to the alpine grassland vegetation along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Through on-the-spot investigation and vegetaion storation experimental study to the constructive fetching soil ground in Tuotuo River experiment section in the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the result shows ： after the activities of the construction, soil conditions on the fetching soil ground have changed a lot, the soil quality has obviously degraded. In order to do well the vegetaton storation and reconstruction in the process of the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the backfilling of the surface soil should really be done well. According to the result of on -the-spot experiment, the Elymus dahuricus Turcz and Poa annua Linn are all more suitable to the fetching soil environment on the alpine grassland, the plant can normally grow in the growing season. The timing selection of the vegetation should fully use feature of both rain and heat in the same season, thus can improve the percentage of success.     

Approaches to prediction of impact of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction on alpine ecosystems alongside and its recovery

With the aid of the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, the ecosystem pattern and fragility distribution maps of the 50-km-wide zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were compiled and by using the superimposition method, range, area and indexes of the impact of various engineering activities on the ecosystems alongside the railway were studied. By making reference to the ecosystem recovery process of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, mechanisms of recovery of the alpine ecosystems alongside the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were studied and extents and rates of the recovery were predicted.The results indicate that the impact of the railway engineering on the Alpine ecosystem depends mainly on how much the original surface soil in the zone has been disturbed and how fragile of the ecosystem per se. Restoration of vegetation coverage and species abundance shows a significantly reverse relationship with disturbance of the original surface soil but an extremely positive one with the length of the restoration period and mean annual precipitation and annual mean relative humidity in the period and no obvious bearings with altitude and temperature. In sections with an annual precipitation over 200mm, as long as a certain percentage of original soil is left in situ, it takes only 30 years or so for biodiversity to get basically restored to the original level after the construction is completed but at least 45-60 years or more for vegetation coverage.     

面向旅游目的地建设的西藏游客满意度研究

面向目的地建设的游客满意度对目的地的建设与管理具有重要作用。文章以西藏为案例,在分析旅游目的地构成要素的基础上,提炼出旅游目的地建设的主要内容,构建了游客满意度的测评指标体系,并运用模糊综合评价法对西藏游客满意度进行评价,得出游客满意度的等级序列,据此提出了西藏在建设重要的世界旅游目的地过程中提升游客满意度的策略。