Release of endogenous Zn2+ from brain tissue during activity

The role of divalent transition metal ions in neural function is poorly understood. In excess, these ions are associated with neurological disorders such as Wilson's disease, Pick's disease and epileptic seizures. We suggest that zinc ions, which are contained in nerve terminals, are extruded into the extracellular space during neuronal activity. Excessive levels of zinc may be released during intense neuronal activation, and contribute to the paroxysm and toxic damage observed. Zinc ions are contained in high concentrations in mossy fibres of the hippocampal formation, and it is the postsynaptic neurones of these fibres which are most susceptible to the toxic effects of kainic acid, a potent convulsant, or to chronic exposure to organometallic compounds. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Zn2+ is released into the extracellular space during excitation of hippocampal slices.     

Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury

Widespread loss of cerebral connectivity is assumed to underlie the failure of brain mechanisms that support communication and goal-directed behaviour following severe traumatic brain injury. Disorders of consciousness that persist for longer than 12 months after severe traumatic brain injury are generally considered to be immutable; no treatment has been shown to accelerate recovery or improve functional outcome in such cases. Recent studies have shown unexpected preservation of large-scale cerebral networks in patients in the minimally conscious state (MCS), a condition that is characterized by intermittent evidence of awareness of self or the environment. These findings indicate that there might be residual functional capacity in some patients that could be supported by therapeutic interventions. We hypothesize that further recovery in some patients in the MCS is limited by chronic underactivation of potentially recruitable large-scale networks. Here, in a 6-month double-blind alternating crossover study, we show that bilateral deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) of the central thalamus modulates behavioural responsiveness in a patient who remained in MCS for 6 yr following traumatic brain injury before the intervention. The frequency of specific cognitively mediated behaviours (primary outcome measures) and functional limb control and oral feeding (secondary outcome measures) increased during periods in which DBS was on as compared with periods in which it was off. Logistic regression modelling shows a statistical linkage between the observed functional improvements and recent stimulation history. We interpret the DBS effects as compensating for a loss of arousal regulation that is normally controlled by the frontal lobe in the intact brain. These findings provide evidence that DBS can promote significant late functional recovery from severe traumatic brain injury. Our observations, years after the injury occurred, challenge the existing practice of early treatment discontinuation for patients with only inconsistent interactive behaviours and motivate further research to develop therapeutic interventions.     

人才立国之大本也(下篇)——文廷式人才思想初探

人才兴国是文廷式变法维新思想中的核心内容之一。他对晚清人才稀乏的原因进行了全面的深刻的分析,提出了“达民情、教人才,乃立国之大本”的主张,并就如何培养国家急需人才,提出了与时俱进的卓越见解,并为之进行了许多开创性的工作。     

纳洛酮对大鼠脑外伤后神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的：采用Feeney法自由落体撞击脑损伤动物模型，观察纳洛酮对脑外伤后神经细胞凋亡和脑水肿的影响。方法：90只大鼠分为实验组及对照组，在损伤后15、60min及24h分别予纳洛酮或生理盐水，损伤后第5d断头处死大鼠，TUNEL法测定神经细胞原位凋亡情况，测定损伤侧大脑半球含水理以及光镜下观察细胞形态学改变。结果：与对照组比较，大鼠脑外伤后15及60min静注纳洛酮可保护神经细胞，减少凋亡率，减轻脑水肿；而外伤后24h给药，神经细胞凋亡率以及脑水肿无显著性差异。结论；研究结果提示纳洛酮作为阿片受体的拮抗剂有保护大鼠脑外伤后神经细胞的作用，但应在外伤后尽早用药。     

WEFDTD(2M,2N)的一种实现方法

采用高阶差分格式能有效地减小波动方程时域有限差分法(WEFDTD)的数值色散和计算误差。文章提出了WEFDTD(2M,2N)的一种实现方法,把对时间的高阶差分转化为对空间的差分,相对于WEFDTD(2,2),并不增加存储量。数值实验证实了这一方法的有效性。     

油茶种子性状及浸种后内源激素含量分析

【目的】研究油茶种子性状,分析油茶种子浸种期间吸水率及吸水速率,探讨种子浸水机制下内源激素动态变化规律,为标准化砧木培育提供技术支撑。【方法】以‘长林3号’(3号)、‘长林4号’(4号)、‘长林40号’(40号)、‘长林18号’(18号)、‘长林53号’(53号)种子为试验材料,测定种子形状参数、体积,并在人工气候控制条件下计算不同浸种时间的吸水率和吸水速率;利用液质联用(LC-MS)方法对‘长林18号’(18号)种子浸种不同时间和温度条件下赤霉素(GA₃)、脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)、生长素(IAA)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量进行检验,采用单因素方差分析比较不同条件下各激素含量差异。【结果】品种间种子体积由大到小依次为长林53号、40号、18号、3号、4号,且53号与其他品种存在显著差异;种子三维系数显示长林3号、4号和40号多呈扁平状,18号和53号多近球形,且种子三维系数与种子横径长度显著相关;3号和4号种子体积与纵径存在显著或极显著正相关,40号和53号横径与侧径存在显著负相关,18号种子体积与形状参数无相关性。各品种浸种48 h后吸水率和吸水速率逐渐稳定;种子浸种0~21 h,53号吸水率最高,40号最低;浸种21~48 h吸水率由大到小依次为4号、3号、53号、40号和18号。各品种吸水速率在浸种10 h内,由大到小依次为40号、4号、3号、53号、18号,浸种10 h后53号最高。种子浸种后的发芽率无显著差异,由大到小依次为4号、40号、53号、3号和18号。18号浸种后GA₃含量逐渐上升,在浸种2 d时达到最高,为0.39 mg/kg;SA和JA含量在浸种4 d时达到最高,分别为0.058 mg/kg和1.77 mg/kg;ABA含量在浸种2 d和5 d时达到最高,约为0.050 mg/kg,4 d时最低为0.014 mg/kg。m(GA₃)/m(ABA)在浸种1 d和4 d时维持较高水平。m(GA₃)/m(JA)在浸种1 d时达高值,4 d时最低;m(GA₃+SA)/m(ABA+JA)随着浸种时间增加逐渐下降。18号浸种温度为25~30 ℃时对提高种子内源激素含量有着显著作用。【结论】横径显著影响种子形状,18号种子均匀度高且吸水率和吸水速率较为稳定;种子浸种后48 h吸水率和吸水速率达到稳定状态,促进萌发类激素含量升高。因此,浸种温度应在30 ℃下有利于种子萌发。研究结果可为油茶砧木标准化培育提供理论依据。     

Z（2）规范场－Higgs场和Z（4）规范场──Z（2）Higgs场系统相结构的解析研究

应用累积展开方法，我们解析地计算了格点Ｚ（２）规范场－Ｈｉｇｇｓ场和Ｚ（４）规范场－Ｈｉｇｇｓ场定模耦合系统的相结构，这一计算分别精确到累积展开的第四级和第三级，所得结果和ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ结果相一致。     

2-(2-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑异硫氰酸酯合成方法改进

通过一条新路线合成了2-(2-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑异硫氰酸酯,对反应条件进行优化,得出较佳反应条件,收率为78.7%.产物通过核磁、红外光谱对其结构进行表征.该路线适合水溶性不好的物质异硫氰酸酯化,进一步拓宽了二硫化碳/重金属盐法在合成异硫氰酸酯中的应用范围.另外,这条路线的整个合成过程,在低于5℃条件下进行,适合合成一些带有活性基团的复杂异硫氰酸酯.     

二甲双胍通过AMPK/FoxO3a信号通路对创伤性脑损伤后炎症因子的调节作用

为探究二甲双胍是否通过腺苷单磷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/FoxO3a途径发挥对创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain inju-ry,TBI)后神经细胞分泌炎症因子的影响.通过将实验小鼠(雄性,C57BL/6)随机分为二甲双胍组、生理盐水组、复合物C组、野生型组和基因敲除组(FoxO3a敲除小鼠),每组20只.并建立伪手术模型,6、12、24 h的TBI模型.应用蛋白质印迹法(Western Blot)、免疫荧光双染检测的方法,研究了AMPK、FoxO3a、自噬相关蛋白(LC3,P62)和炎症因子(NLRP3,IL-1β)的表达情况,以及LC3和IL-1β的细胞核、细胞质的分布情况.结果表明:与生理盐水组相比较,二甲双胍组p-AMPK/AMPK比值增加,p-FoxO3a/FoxO3a比值降低,自噬水平升高,炎症因子表达降低,而复合物C组则相反;与野生型组相比较,结果提示FoxO3a基因敲除组自噬水平降低,而炎症因子表达水平显著增高.LC3主要表达在细胞质,IL-1β在整个细胞均有分布.可见AMPK的激活和FoxO3a蛋白有利于自噬的发生,二甲双胍可能通过AMPK/FoxO3a信号通路发挥对TBI后炎症因子的抑制作用.     

1,6-二磷酸果糖对缺氧缺血性心、脑损害的保护作用(综述)

1，6-二磷酸果糖(FDP)是存在于一切活细胞内的糖代谢中间产物。细胞缺氧时，外源性FDP可透过细胞膜进入到细胞内直接供能，并可阻止Ca^2 内流，减少氧自由基的产生、稳定细胞膜，及减少细胞凋亡。多数研究认为FDP对缺氧缺血引起的心、脑损伤具有保护作用，但也有不同的观点。因此有必要进一步临床验证，为FDP在这方面的应用提供有价值的理论依据。     

一个可修复的(m,N)系统实特征值的存在性

针对一个可修复的(m,N)系统所建立的模型,利用泛函分析理论及其半群理论,得出系统算子一个特征值对应一个特征向量,并证明了除0特征值外,还存在其他非零实特征值.     

An African primate lentivirus (SIVsm) closely related to HIV-2

The ancestors of the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) may have evolved from a reservoir of African nonhuman primate lentiviruses, termed simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV). None of the SIV strains characterized so far are closely related to HIV-1. HIV-2, however, is closely related to SIV (SIVmac) isolated from captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). SIV infection of feral Asian macaques has not been demonstrated by serological surveys. Thus, macaques may have acquired SIV in captivity by cross-species transmission from an SIV-infected African primate. Sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), an African primate species indigenous to West Africa, however, are infected with SIV (SIVsm) both in captivity and in the wild (P. Fultz, personal communication). We have molecularly cloned and sequenced SIVsm and report here that it is closely related to SIVmac and HIV-2. These results suggest that SIVsm has infected macaques in captivity and humans in West Africa and evolved as SIVmac and HIV-2, respectively.     

重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出防治体会（附45例报告）

目的探讨颅脑损伤手术中急性脑膨出的形成原因及有效的防治措施。方法对手术中出现脑膨出的45例颅脑损伤病人进行回顾性分析,总结其开形成原因及易发征象,比较各种防治措施的疗效。结果术中迟发性颅内血肿的形成、急性弥漫性脑肿胀、脑组织缺氧和低血压、长时间脑疝、严重脑挫裂伤等是颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的主要原因,彻底清除颅内血肿、缓慢降低颅内压、术中过度通气、使用脱水剂、适当控制血压是防治术中脑膨出的有效措施。结论针对不同病因采取相应措施可防治颅脑损伤术中脑膨出,可取得较好疗效。     

重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出防治体会(附45例报告)

目的 探讨颅脑损伤手术中急性脑膨出的形成原因及有效的防治措施.方法 对手术中出现脑膨出的45例颅脑损伤病人进行回顾性分析,总结其开形成原因及易发征象,比较各种防治措施的疗效.结果 术中迟发性颅内血肿的形成、急性弥漫性脑肿胀、脑组织缺氧和低血压、长时间脑疝、严重脑挫裂伤等是颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的主要原因,彻底清除颅内血肿、缓慢降低颅内压、术中过度通气、使用脱水剂、适当控制血压是防治术中脑膨出的有效措施.结论 针对不同病因采取相应措施可防治颅脑损伤术中脑膨出.可取得较好疗效.     

Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)的薄层色谱分离

本文研究了无机阳离子 Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)的薄层色谱特性,提出了分离和测定它们的薄层分析方法。以0.2mol/L HAC—0.2mol/LNaAc 为展开剂,在硅胶 H 板上分离 Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)的混合物,用双硫腙喷雾显色,它们的 R_f 值分别为0.39,0.54,0.69,0.19;检测下限可达10~(-9)g;对这四种离子的混合水溶液进行五次平行测定,其变动系数依次为2.7%、4.5%、3.8%、2.4%,回收率均在96%～104%之间。用本法对地面水及电镀废水进行了定性、定量测定,得到了满意的结果。     

三维超分子配合物[Co(hmt)2(SCN)2(H2O)2][Co(SCN)2(H2O)4](H2O)2的磁性质(英文)

参照文献制备了三维超分子配合物[Co(hmt)2(SCN)2(H2O)2][Co(SCN)2(H2O)4](H2O)2, 测试了该化合物在5～300 K范围内的变温磁化率.结果表明,其磁行为在测定的温度范围内遵守Curie-Weiss定律, 金属离子之间存在弱的反铁磁偶合.     

q为偶数次本原单位根时量子群Uq(m,n)的分解

研究了当q为偶数次本原单位根时 ,量子群Uq(sl2 )在关系K2r=1,Emr=0 ,Fmr=0下的商代数Uq(m ,n)的构造 ,给出Uq(m ,n)的Hopf代数结构和分次代数结构 ,给出了Uq(m ,n)的所有不同构的Verma模 ,给出了Uq(m ,n)的精确到基的理想结构。把Uq(m ,n)分解为主不可分解理想的直和