离子交换色谱流动相组成对核糖核酸酶的折叠影响

用离子交换色谱法（IEC）研究了还原变性核糖核酸酶（RNase A）折叠过程中，复性缓冲液种类及pH值、流动相中脲浓度及盐种类对还原变性核糖核酸酶复性的影响。发现pH为弱碱性，用PBS作为缓冲液能提高复性效率；当流动相中含有2．0mol／L脲时复性产率较高；洗脱剂用NaCl时活性回收率较高。     

还原变性的溶菌酶的体积排阻色谱复性

探讨二次体积排阻色谱在非氧化还原平衡体系及中性条件下对还原变性的溶菌酶(Lys)的复性.结果表明:在初次排阻色谱的溶菌酶洗脱液中加入过量的氧化型谷胱苷肽(GSSG)和盐酸胍(GuHCI)充分作用后,进行二次体积排阻色谱能够成功复性还原变性的溶菌酶.     

离子交换色谱流动相组成对溶菌酶复性的影响

目的 研究了复性缓冲液组成对还原变性溶茵酶复性的影响。方法用离子交换色谱法对还原变性溶菌酶进行复性。结果低离子强度的Tris缓冲液比高离子强度的PBS缓冲液能明显提高复性收率；当复性缓冲液中不合其他种类的盐时，脲浓度为2．0mol／L时复性产率最高；当脲浓度低时，复性缓冲液中含有氯化钠和硫酸铵的复性效果均不如不合这些盐的复性效果；当脲浓度高时，硫酸铵能很好地提高溶菌酶的复性回收率。结论认为Hofmeister效应是造成这些现象的主要原因。     

添加剂促进变性还原溶菌酶复性的作用

研究了多种添加剂促进变性还原溶菌酶复性的作用，考察了添加剂浓度及变性剂盐酸胍浓度对复性收率的影响．结果表明，精氨酸、乙酰胺、丙酮、硫脲及甘油均能有效促进变性溶菌酶复性，并且存在最佳的添加剂浓度使变性溶菌酶的复性收率最大．在促进复性中，乙酰胺等结构类似物与盐酸胍具有相同作用，因此，在降低复性液中盐酸胍浓度的同时，适当提高乙酰胺浓度即可获得较高的复性收率．当盐酸胍浓度为0．2mol／L时，复性收率达到90％时的乙酰胺浓度为2mol／L，但降低盐酸胍浓度至0．06mol／L时，达到相同变性收率的乙酰胺浓度需要4mol／L．甘油与盐酸胍存在着协同作用，在一定浓度的盐酸胍存在下，添加适量的甘油能获得较高的复性收率．     

大肠杆菌中重组猪生长激素提取方法及变复性的比较研究

通过对基因工程菌pgh／E．coli BL21用酶溶解、超声波处理、超声波处理与液氮冻融相结合三种方法进行破菌，用盐酸胍法进行变复性，提取重组猪生长激素(rpGH)．结果表明用超声波处理与液氮冻融相结合的方法裂解细菌，盐酸胍法变复性，rpGH的提取率最高，达72．16％；而用尿素法对rpGH在大肠杆菌内所形成的包涵体变复性，rpGH的提取率仅为49．82％．     

鸡(Gallus gallus)IFNγ基因重组蛋白复性条件优化及生物活性鉴定研究

为提高鸡IFNγ基因重组蛋白的复性效率,用18种不同的复性缓冲液对在大肠杆菌中表达的cIFNγ进行复性处理,通过SDS-Page分析、考马斯亮蓝定量、对鸡胚成纤维细胞以及对鸡胚的保护实验检测复性产物的得率和生物学活性。研究结果表明:去污剂和疏水剂能保证蛋白的复性得率和复性效率,重组表达产物得率可高达94.7%;氧化还原电势对是cIFNγ成功复性的关键,有生物学活性的复性产物的复性液中均存在氧化还原对GSSG/GSH;经去污剂处理后再复性的产物对细胞保护的有效浓度显著低于直接复性的蛋白。     

α-淀粉酶及α-糜蛋白酶的脲变动力学研究

用疏水色谱（HIC）对8.0mol/L脲变性的α－淀粉酶（α-Amy)和α－糜蛋白酶（α－Chy)的变性动力学进行了研究。结果表明：α－Amy的变性为平缓的渐变过程，其变体数目较多，且绝大多数变体的疏水性都小于天然蛋白；α－Chy是骤变（可能是瞬间变性）过程，相对而言α－Chy的变体数目较少，且疏水性均大于天然蛋白。认为两种蛋白不同的脲变动力学行为，可能是因蛋白中α－螺旋含量以及蛋白质自身稳定性不同所致。     

α-淀粉酶在疏水作用色谱中保留的热力学研究

研究了经不同浓度盐酸胍变性的α-淀粉酶(α-Amylase)在疏水作用色谱(HIC) 中的保留行为.结果表明,天然及经盐酸胍变性的α-淀粉酶在HIC中的保留行为都很好地遵循非线性Van′t Hoff方程,且由所计算出的α-淀粉酶在HIC中保留的热力学参数发现,在实验温度范围内,α-淀粉酶的保留为熵驱动,焓变(ΔH0)、熵变(ΔS0)和热容量变(ΔCP 0)3个热力学参数都分别与绝对温度及其倒数之间存在线性关系. 同时,对部分胍变α-淀粉酶的折叠自由能ΔΔGF进行了测定,发现变性α-淀粉酶在HIC固定相表面的折叠自由能远比在溶液中的高,且对于相同浓度盐酸胍变性的α-淀粉酶,均以298K时的折叠自由能为最大.     

用参数Z表征疏水色谱中脲变α-糜蛋白酶及其折叠中间体的分子构象变化

目的用参数Z表征疏水色谱中脲变α-糜蛋白酶(α-Chy)及其折叠中间体的分子构象变化。方法用疏水色谱法对不同脲变条件下的α-Chy进行分离,对收集的不同馏分用基质辅助激光解吸附离子化飞行时间质谱(HPHIC-MALDI-TOF-MS)进行检测,并用紫外和荧光光谱对其分子构象变化进行了验证。结果确认了脲变α-Chy中仅有一个稳定的折叠中间体存在,发现二者的Z值均随脲浓度的增加而减小。在脲浓度范围为0~3.0 mol.L-1时,α-Chy折叠中间体的Z值远小于天然α-Chy的Z值,而脲浓度为4.0 mol.L-1和5.0 mol.L-1时,折叠中间体的Z值稍大于天然α-Chy的Z值。结论α-Chy折叠中间体的分子构象随脲浓度改变基本呈连续性变化,而天然α-Chy的分子构象随脲浓度呈不连续性变化。进一步发现α-Chy的Z值与其复性回收率之间存在着相似的变化规律。中间体的保留机理服从计量置换保留理论(SDT-R),且得到的参数Z可用来表征天然α-Chy和其折叠中间体的分子构象变化。     

脲对含内蛋白子前体蛋白剪切的影响

研究了含内蛋白子的前体蛋白［麦芽糖结合蛋白－内蛋白子－几丁质酶结合区（ＭＹＢ）］在脲溶液中的分子构象及变性和复性过程中剪切活性与光谱变化的关系。结果表明，剪切活性随脲浓度的增加而逐渐丧失；当脲浓度大于６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，活性完全丧失。变性过程中Ａ２８０ｎｍ随变性程度增加而增强，复性后Ａ２８０ｎｍ与天然态Ａ２８０ｎｍ值相近，剪切活性随之恢复。说明构象松散先于剪切活性，可能在重折叠时，构象核化对剪切活性致关重要。     

Effects of Glycerol in the Refolding and Unfolding of Creatine Kinase

IntroductionProtein folding is the process by which the aminoacid sequence of a protein determines the three-dimensional conformation of the functionalprotein[1 ] . The elucidation of the molecularmechanism of protein folding from a disorderedpolypeptide chain to the specific native stateremains one of the major challenges inbiochemistry[2 ,3] ,namely,deciphering the secondhalf of the genetic code[4 ] .Molecular chaperonesplay an importantrole in protein folding in vivo aswell asin vitro.A cha…     

Cause of Irreversible Inactivation of Aminoacylase in Urea Solution

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Catalysis of protein folding by prolyl isomerase

Rates of protein folding reactions vary considerably. Some denatured proteins regain the native conformation within milliseconds or seconds, whereas others refold very slowly in the time range of minutes or hours. Varying folding rates are observed not only for different proteins, but can also be detected for single polypeptide species. This originates from the co-existence of fast- and slow-folding forms of the unfolded protein, which regain the native state with different rates. The proline hypothesis provides a plausible explanation for this heterogeneity. It assumes that the slow-folding molecules possess non-native isomers of peptide bonds between proline and another residue, and that crucial steps in the refolding of the slow-folding molecules are limited in rate by the slow reisomerization of such incorrect proline peptide bonds. Recently the enzyme peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) was discovered and purified from pig kidney. It catalyses efficiently the cis in equilibrium trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Here we show that it also catalyses slow steps in the refolding of a number of proteins of which fast- and slow-folding species have been observed and where it was suggested that proline isomerization was involved in slow refolding. The efficiency of catalysis depends on the accessibility for the isomerase of the particular proline peptide bonds in the refolding protein chain.     

Determination of free energy of protein folding on liquid-solid interface

Based on the fact that the stoichiometric displacement model for retention of solute and the total adsorption free energy of solute on a solid surface can be divided into two components, net adsorption and net desorbed energies, a new principle and an equation for calculating the free energy of protein folding, △△GF, on the solid surface are proposed. With high-performance hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HPHIC), an experimental method for determining the △△GF is established. Lysozyme and α-amylase have been selected as examples to test the new method, and their △△GF on the HPHIC stationary phase surface are found to be much higher than that reported from a solution. In addition, the △△GF of the two proteins are found to increase with the concentration of denaturing agent employed. The average standard deviations, ±4.7% for lysozyme and ±3.0% for α-amylase, indicate that the new method has a satisfactory reproducibility and reliability.     

A pre-existing hydrophobic collapse in the unfolded state of an ultrafast folding protein

Insights into the conformational passage of a polypeptide chain across its free energy landscape have come from the judicious combination of experimental studies and computer simulations. Even though some unfolded and partially folded proteins are now known to possess biological function or to be involved in aggregation phenomena associated with disease states, experimentally derived atomic-level information on these structures remains sparse as a result of conformational heterogeneity and dynamics. Here we present a technique that can provide such information. Using a 'Trp-cage' miniprotein known as TC5b (ref. 5), we report photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization NMR pulse-labelling experiments that involve rapid in situ protein refolding. These experiments allow dipolar cross-relaxation with hyperpolarized aromatic side chain nuclei in the unfolded state to be identified and quantified in the resulting folded-state spectrum. We find that there is residual structure due to hydrophobic collapse in the unfolded state of this small protein, with strong inter-residue contacts between side chains that are relatively distant from one another in the native state. Prior structuring, even with the formation of non-native rather than native contacts, may be a feature associated with fast folding events in proteins.     

Sr^2＋诱导尖吻蝮蛇毒中抗凝血因子I的结构稳定性及重新折叠

尖吻蝮蛇毒抗凝血因子I（ACFI）是活化凝血因子X（FXa）结合蛋白，具有显著的抗凝血活性．用荧光光谱研究了Sr^＋诱导ACF I的结构稳定性及重新折叠．结果表明，脱钙ACF I（apo-ACFI）可结合两个Sr^＋．ACF I与FXa的结合反应不是绝对依赖于Ca^2＋，Sr^2＋也可以诱导ACF I与FXa的结合反应．盐酸胍诱导的Sr^2＋重组ACFI（Sr^2＋-ACF I）去折叠过程是一个三态过程，有一个稳定的中间态．像Ca^2＋一样，Sr^2＋不仅能显著增加ACF I的结构稳定性，而且在不改变变性剂浓度条件下，能诱导去折叠的脱钙ACF I重新折叠成Sr^2＋-ACF I的中间态．Sr^2＋诱导apo-ACF I重新折叠过程包含快慢两步反应，Sr^2＋取代Ca^2＋只降低快折叠反应速度，而不影响慢折叠反应速度．这说明，金属离子影响快折叠过程，而慢折叠过程只决定于蛋白质本身性质．     

Crystal structure of DegP (HtrA) reveals a new protease-chaperone machine

Molecular chaperones and proteases monitor the folded state of other proteins. In addition to recognizing non-native conformations, these quality control factors distinguish substrates that can be refolded from those that need to be degraded. To investigate the molecular basis of this process, we have solved the crystal structure of DegP (also known as HtrA), a widely conserved heat shock protein that combines refolding and proteolytic activities. The DegP hexamer is formed by staggered association of trimeric rings. The proteolytic sites are located in a central cavity that is only accessible laterally. The mobile side-walls are constructed by twelve PDZ domains, which mediate the opening and closing of the particle and probably the initial binding of substrate. The inner cavity is lined by several hydrophobic patches that may act as docking sites for unfolded polypeptides. In the chaperone conformation, the protease domain of DegP exists in an inactive state, in which substrate binding in addition to catalysis is abolished.     

Recent Advances in Protein Extraction and Chiral Separation of Blomolecules

Reverse micelles create unique environment in organic media. They are capable of solubilizing hydrophilic biomolecules （e.g., proteins, peptides, amino acids, and DNAs） in their aqueous interior. This feature brings about the practical use of biomaterials in organic media because reverse micelles solubilize them with the intrinsic activity. In this paper, we focus on recent two topics concerning protein extraction and chiral separation of biomolecules using liquid membranes. In the first topic, we present recent attempts to extract proteins from an aqueous solution into isooctane using reverse micelles, and some important operational parameters to achieve an efficient protein transfer are discussed. Furthermore, novel function of reverse micelles as a protein activation medium is introduced. In the reverse micellar phase, denatured proteins were completely reactivated in the reverse micellar solution. The reverse micellar technique is found to be a useful tool not only for protein separation but also for protein refolding. Furthermore, we found that a cyclic ligand carixarene has an extraction ability to set up optimum conditions for protein transfer. In the second topic, we have found that a supported liquid membrane （SLM） encapsulating enzymes shows high enantioselectivity （enantioselective excess value is over 96%） in the transport of racemic pharmaceutical compound ibuprofen. A different experiment also suggests that the α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions droved the enantioselective transport of L-phenylalanine based on the enantioselectivity of the enzyme. The SLM encapsulating the surfactant-enzyme complex enabled the highly enantioselective separation of racemic mixtures. It can be envisioned that arrangement of appropriate enzymes in the SLM system will allow enantioselective separation of various useful organic compounds.     

Heat shock in Escherichia coli alters the protein-binding properties of the chaperonin groEL by inducing its phosphorylation.

When bacterial or eukaryotic cells are exposed to high temperatures or other harsh conditions, they respond by synthesis of a specific set of heat-shock proteins. Certain heat-shock proteins such as groEL, called 'chaperonins', can prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under harmful conditions. We report here a new aspect of the heat-shock response in Escherichia coli: at high temperatures a fraction of groEL becomes modified covalently, altering its interaction with unfolded proteins. The heat-modified form can be eluted with ATP from an unfolded protein more easily than normal groEL. The critical heat-induced modification seems to be phosphorylation, which is reversed on return to low temperature. Treatment of the modified groEL with phosphatases caused its apparent size, charge and binding properties to resemble those of the unmodified form. Thus during heat shock some groEL is reversibly phosphorylated, which allows its ATP-dependent release from protein substrates in the absence of its usual cofactor (groES), and probably promotes the repair of damaged polypeptides.