OsNAC2通过ABA依赖途径负调控水稻的多种非生物胁迫反应

在植物感受外界环境变化和对各种胁迫产生应答反应的过程中,转录因子是必不可少的一个环节,但是其中很多重要的成员和功能还不清楚.OsNAC2是NAC转录因子家族的一个成员,它的表达受到ABA和几种非生物胁迫的强烈诱导,如干旱和高盐.通过构建OsNAC2的过表达和RNAi株系,连同野生型共同评价OsNAC2的生物学功能.在营养生长时期,与野生型相比,过表达株系对干旱和高盐更加敏感.相反地,RNAi株系则表现更好的干旱和高盐抗性.通过芯片数据分析,发现在OsNAC2过表达植株中,许多胁迫相关基因的表达量均下调.这些结果说明OsNAC2负调控水稻的非生物胁迫反应,并且可能是ABA依赖通路中的一个重要因子.     

OsNAC2转录因子介导生长素代谢通路调节水稻早期根的发育

NAC家族是植物特有的一类转录因子,在植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫等方面具有重要的功能.研究发现,OsNAC2基因的过表达(ON11)和RNAi(RNAi31)转基因株系,早期主根的长度有显著变化的特征.与野生型日本晴水稻(WT)相比,ON11植株的主根变短,而RNAi31的主根变长.通过对早期OsNAC2pro∶∶GUS株系根尖染色结果表明OsNAC2在根尖具有时序性表达.不同激素诱导OsNAC2表达谱和OsNAC2pro∶∶GUS株系对激素响应结果显示OsNAC2受生长素显著性诱导.结合芯片数据和qRT-PCR分析,OsNAC2转基因株系中生长素合成代谢及信号通路相关基因表达量变化较为明显.同时,ON11根尖淀粉粒发育及其向重力性受到抑制.因此,推测OsNAC2可能通过抑制生长素的合成代谢及信号通路相关基因的表达,降低生长素含量,并参与生长素响应通路,最终影响水稻根的生长.     

bar基因表达框和完整质粒转化对水稻农艺性状的变异效应比较

通过分析转基因植株的株高、分蘖数、结实率、千粒重四个主要农艺性状的变异,比较基因枪法转化的基因表达框(仅含启动子、基因开放阅读框和终止子序列)和完整质粒两种基因载体形式对水稻农艺性状的变异效应.结果表明,与非转基因亲本相比,转基因植株的千粒重和分蘖数与对照无显著差异;株高变异也不大,17个转基因株系中,仅基因表达框转化的2个株系XFb-36和XFb-63株高变矮;而结实率变异最大,有9个转基因株系结实率显著降低,变异率达50%以上.总体上看,基因表达框和完整质粒两种基因载体形式对水稻农艺性状的变异效应差异不明显,基因枪转化对水稻农艺性状的变异效应主要表现为降低植株的育性,转基因水稻植株的农艺性状变异主要来源于转基因过程中组织培养引起的无性系变异.     

番茄转录因子SlWRKY53的分离及生物学功能鉴定

构建番茄SlWRKY53的过量表达载体,通过农杆菌介导转入番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）品种Ailsa Craig（AC+）,获得转基因阳性植株.定量分析显示,这些转基因株系中SlWRKY53基因表达量显著高于野生型.表型分析显示,转基因植株对盐胁迫抗性强于野生型.对抗病性进行检测,转基因植株抗性稍强,但与野生型相比无明显差异.由此推测番茄SlWRKY53基因的过量表达能够一定程度增强植株抵抗盐胁迫的能力.     

F-box基因FOF2在拟南芥盐和冷胁迫响应中的功能分析

FOF2为F-box蛋白家族成员,其生物学功能尚不清楚.采用实时荧光定量PCR和生理学实验相结合的方法,对FOF2基因的表达模式及其在拟南芥抗盐和冷胁迫响应中的作用进行了分析.研究发现,FOF2在拟南芥根、茎生叶和果荚中表达较高,并且其表达受盐和冷胁迫诱导.FOF2过表达株系对盐胁迫敏感,与野生型相比种子萌发率低、幼苗主根较短;相反,fof2突变体对盐胁迫的敏感性则减弱.FOF2过表达和缺失突变体种子萌发对冷胁迫无响应,但其主根在冷处理中分别比野生型短或者长.盐处理下,FOF2过表达株系中盐胁迫反应相关基因的表达量显著降低,fof2突变体中则升高;冷处理下,FOF2过表达株系中冷胁迫反应相关基因的表达量显著升高,fof2突变体中则降低.结果表明,FOF2在植物抗盐胁迫响应中起负调控作用,在抗冷胁迫响应中则可能起正调控作用.     

人参亲环素基因表达载体构建及其在拟南芥中的抗盐活性分析

摘 要 为研究人参亲还素基因的抗盐活性,为该基因在人参抗逆育种方面的应用提供参考,通过植物转基因技术和外施不同浓度NaCl的方法获得阳性拟南芥植株,研究了不同植株类型不同盐浓度下的种子萌发率、植株生存率、植株主根长、植株分支数等相关指标。结果表明：在盐胁迫作用下转基因拟南芥种子萌发率高于野生型拟南芥;在盐胁迫作用下转基因拟南芥植株生存率显著高于野生型拟南芥;在盐胁迫作用下转基因拟南芥植株主根长大于野生型拟南芥;在盐胁迫作用下转基因拟南芥植株分支数与野生型拟南芥植株分支数没有明显差异。可见人参亲还素基因提高了转基因拟南芥抵御高盐胁迫的能力。     

水稻品种耐旱性鉴定的形态学评价指标研究

水稻耐早性鉴定是选育耐早水稻品种的前提。以22个水稻、陆稻和早稻品种为材料,研究了在干旱胁迫条件下,不同品种(组合)幼苗反复干旱存活率、播抽历期(日数)、株高、单穗重、着粒数、实粒数、结实率和千粒重等方面的变化趋势。苗期耐旱性鉴定中,采用幼苗反复干旱存活率,对苗期耐旱性进行评价,全生育期耐旱鉴定中,通过多重相关分析和产量结构分析,筛选出播抽历期(日数)、株高和单穗重3个与产量形成关系最密切因素的干旱胁迫指数,构成综合耐早指数,采用综合耐旱指数作为评价水稻品种全生育期耐旱性的指标,最后提出了苗期耐旱性鉴定和全生育期耐旱性鉴定的分级标准。     

水稻耐热性的鉴定方法研究

本研究以水稻模式种日本晴为研究材料,利用人工气候室模拟自然条件下的高温环境,从抽穗开花期起直至灌浆结实期,对水稻植株进行热胁迫处理,检测花粉活力、叶片脯氨酸含量、结实率、千粒重、单株有效穗数、单株产量等性状指标,从而评价水稻各株系的耐热性.结果表明,通过模拟自然条件下的高温环境及检测评定的各项指标,能够较真实准确的对水稻耐热性进行评价.     

水稻锌指蛋白基因OsSZP载体构建、遗传转化及功能分析

文章通过RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)技术对水稻锌指蛋白基因OsSZP的功能进行分析。定量聚合链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)分析结果表明,通过RNAi技术可获得OsSZP表达水平明显降低的转基因株系。与野生型相比,OsSZP基因下调植株的秕谷率显著增加,花粉育性降低,表明锌指蛋白基因OsSZP对水稻雄配子发育具有调控作用。表达模式分析结果表明,OsSZP在水稻幼苗和成熟植株根中均不表达,在水稻花药中表达水平较高。此外,OsSZP基因的表达也受温度、光照的影响。     

MYB家族转录因子OsMYB84通过ABA信号通路参与盐胁迫响应

MYB家族是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,功能广泛,这类蛋白在植物器官形态建成、次生代谢、激素代谢和信号途径起关键调控作用.从水稻中克隆R2R3-MYB家族转录因子OsMYB84,聚类分析结果表明OsMYB84为拟南芥MYB84同源基因,洋葱表皮亚细胞定位研究显示OsMYB84为核定位蛋白.器官表达谱和原位杂交分析实验显示OsMYB84在水稻叶枕、茎以及根中高表达.构建OsMYB84过表达体系,筛选出纯合株系.与野生型相比,OsMYB84转基因水稻的株高明显矮化,因此推测OsMYB84可能通过影响茎和叶枕处侧生分生组织进而改变株高.另一方面,激素和胁迫表达谱分析结果表明,OsMYB84受到ABA、高盐的显著诱导.同时,OsMYB84显著提高了转基因水稻的耐盐特性,减少细胞损伤并且也提高了转基因水稻种子对ABA的敏感性,这暗示着OsMYB84基因可能通过依赖ABA信号通路参与水稻盐胁迫应答反应.     

Overexpression of phospholipase <Emphasis Type="Italic">D</Emphasis>α gene enhances drought and salt tolerance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis>

The cDNA of AtPLDa （Arabidopsis thaliana Phospholipase Da） gene was introduced into P. tomentosa （Populus tomentosa） under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Southern and Northern blot analyses suggested that the AtPLDa gene has been transferred into the P. tomentosa genome. No obvious morphological or developmental difference was observed between the transgenic and wild-type （WT） plants. Drought and salt tolerance and gene expression of seedlings of several transgenic lines and WT plants （control） were studied. The results showed that the rhizogenesis rate and the average root-length of transgenic lines were significantly higher than WT plants after mannitol and NaCI treatment under the same growth conditions. Northern blot analysis indicated that the higher the PLDa expression in the transgenic plants, the more tolerant the transgenic plants are to drought and salt treatment. Meanwhile, another group of these transgenic lines and WT plants （control） were treated with PEG6000 and NaCI separately. The contents of chlorophylls and the activities of some anti- oxidant enzymes （superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase） as well as malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity were analyzed. Altogether, our results demonstrated that overexpression of the PLDa gene can enhance the drought and salt tolerance in transgenic P. tomentosa plants.     

Transformation of japonica rice with<Emphasis Type="Italic">RHL</Emphasis> gene and salt tolerance of the transgenic rice plant

Overexpression of the yeastHAL2 gene increases salt tolerance of yeast and plant. RiceHAL2-like (RHL) gene was introduced into ajaponica rice cultivar HJ19 withAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants in R₀ generation were selected on the principle of GUS-positive,RHL gene PCR-positive and normal growth. Hygromycin-resistant plants of some transgenic lines in R₁ generation increased salt tolerance during the seedling and booting stage, being less damaged in the cytomembrane and stronger in leaf tissue viability under salt stress during booting period. Southern analysis of transgenic lines tolerant to salt in R₁ generation showed that theRHL gene expression cassette had been successfully integrated into rice genome. Moreover, gene engineering breeding methodology and really salt-tolerant rice cultivar were discussed.     

Over-expression of an Arabi-dopsisd δ-OAT gene enhances salt and drought tolerance in transgenic rice

δ-OAT, ornithine-δ-aminotransferase, is the key enzyme involved in proline biosynthesis. In this study the Arabidopsis δ-OAT gene was transferred into rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp japonica cv. Zhongzuo 321), whose successful integration was demonstrated by PCR and Southern blot analysis. The over-expression of the gene in transgenic rice was also confirmed. Biochemical analysis showed that, under salt or drought stress conditions, proline contents in the leaves and roots in transgenic rice plants were 5- to 15-fold of those in non-transgenic controls. Under stress conditions, germinating rate of transgenic lines is higher than that of controls. Although the growth of rice plants tested were more and more retarded with the increasing of NaCI concentration, the transgenic plants grow faster compared to the controls under the same stress condition. Meanwhile, the resistance to KCl and MgSO4 stresses was also found enhanced in transgenie rice. Furthermore, the over-expression of δ-OAT also improved the yield of transgenic plants under stress conditions. The average yield per plant of transgenic lines increases about 12%--41% more than that of control line sunder 0.1 mol/L NaCI stress. These data indicated that the over-expression of δ-OAT, with the accumulation of proline, resulted in the enhancement of salt and drought tolerance and an increase of rice yield, which is of significance in agriculture.     

A vacuole localized β-glucosidase contributes to drought tolerance in Arabidopsis

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a critical role in plant growth, development, and adaptation to various stress conditions. The cellular ABA level is constantly adjusted to respond to changing physiological and environmental conditions. To date, the mechanisms for fine-tuning ABA levels remain elusive. Here, we report that BGLU10, a member of a multigene family of β-glucosidases, contributes to drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. The T-DNA insertion mutant bglu10 exhibited a droughtsensitive phenoty...     

不同栽培措施对牛大力产量的影响

为满足牛大力产业化发展的需求，提高牛大力的产量，本研究以牛大力营养杯苗为材料，研究不同种植地、整地方法、种植密度等栽培措施对牛大力产量的影响。结果表明：种植在广西桂林兴安、桂林全州两地的牛大力产量为60 000 kg/ha及以下，种植在广西钦州灵山、南宁上林、百色田林以及广东湛江的牛大力产量为60 000 kg/ha以上；3种整地方法中，单株平均产量最高的是全垦，为3.31 kg;种植密度为15 000株/ha时，药材产量最高；与对照组相比，4个不同基肥处理组产量都明显增加，其中生物有机肥(1 300 kg/ha)+复合肥(200 kg/ha)>生物有机肥(1 500 kg/ha)>沼肥(1 200 kg/ha)>普通化肥(尿素75 kg/ha,磷酸二胺300 kg/ha,过磷酸钙225 kg/ha)>对照(不施肥);随着种植年限的延长，牛大力的产量越高，品质越好，但种植成本也会增加。综合考量，牛大力最佳整地方式为全垦，最佳种植密度为15 000株/ha,种植地以北回归线以南的地区最佳，基肥以生物有机肥+复合肥最优，种植年限以4年最宜。     

Root and xylem ABA changes in response to soil drying in two woody plants

Two woody plants, Platycladus orientalise (tolerant to drought) and Acacia auriculi-formis (sensitive to drought), have been subjected to rapid and slow soil drying. ABA levels in their roots and xylem sap have been determined using radioimmunoassay (RIA, sensitivity is 0.4 pmol per assay vial) with a monoclonal antibody against ( + )-ABA. ABA contents of P. orientalise and A. auriculiformis growing in well watered soil are 0.3 and 2.5 nmol·gDW-1 in roots and 1.6 and 0.4 μmol in xylem saps, respectively. A rapid soil drying has been applied to these two plants with soil water content (SWC) being reduced to 0.02 and 0.06 g·gDW-1 respectively. Under such treatment, ABA was increased by 22 times and 2 times in roots and by 7 times and 34 times in xylem saps respectively for P. orientalise and A. auriculiformis. After rewatering for 6 d, ABA in roots and xylem sap of both species returned to control levels. When a slow soil drying was applied, SWC was reduced to 0.1 and 0.13 g·gDW-1 respectively for P. orientalise and A. auriculiformis. ABA was increased by 5 times and 1.6 times in roots and by 6 times and 19 times in xylem saps respectively for these two plants. ABA in roots and xylem saps decreased to near control levels 8 d after watering. Plant leaf water potentials of both plants hardly changed at times when root and xylem ABA showed substantial increase in response to soil drying. It is concluded that ABA levels in the roots and xylem saps of P. orientalise and A. auriculiformis are more sensitively regulated than leaf water potential in response to soil drying and can act as a chemical signal in root-shoot communications of the drought stress.     

核桃JrEFM1转录因子响应逆境及激素的表达模式

MYB转录因子在调控植物生长发育和逆境响应方面发挥着重要的作用.通过克隆获得了核桃的1条R1-MYB类转录因子EFM基因(命名为JrEFM1),利用生物信息学和实时荧光定量RT-PCR(RT-qPCR)技术,分析在不同非生物及植物激素处理下JrEFM1的表达规律,探究了JrEFM1的基本生物学功能.结果显示,JrEFM1的编码区长为1 320 bp,编码蛋白含439个氨基酸,分子量为48.322 KDa,理论等电点为9.26.与葡萄、番薯等具有较近的进化关系.其启动子包含干旱胁迫(MBS)、热激响应(HSE)、水杨酸(SA)、玉米素(O2-site)和赤霉素响应(GARE-motif)等相关元件.对JrEFM1在干旱,冷害,热激,ABA,JA,SA处理下的表达情况进行分析,发现JrEFM1可被这些处理不同程度地诱导,同时根和叶表现出不同的转录水平.表明JrEFM1可响应逆境胁迫,并与激素信号通路相关;JrEFM1可作为核桃逆境响应机制研究及抗逆育种的优良候选基因.     

盐胁迫对红鳞蒲桃苗木生长和生理特性的影响

【目的】评价盐胁迫下红鳞蒲桃(Syzygizan hancei)苗木的生理耐受性。【方法】选择当年生红鳞蒲桃盆栽苗木为材料,研究6种NaCl盐分浓度(0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)下红鳞蒲桃幼苗高生长、地径生长、叶片质膜透性、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、叶绿素含量的变化特征。【结果】随着NaCl浓度的增加,红鳞蒲桃苗木的高增长量逐渐降低,在浓度0.4%时下降显著;NaCl浓度对苗木的地径增长量影响不大;细胞质膜透性对盐胁迫具有较强的耐性,NaCl浓度在0.8%以下时,叶片的相对电导率差异不显著;游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在NaCl浓度为0.4%时显著增加,其后维持在一定水平;CAT酶活性对盐胁迫较为敏感,在浓度0.2%时即显著增强;叶绿素含量则随着NaCl浓度的增加表现出先升后降的变化趋势。【结论】0.4%NaCl浓度是影响红鳞蒲桃苗木生理特性的关键。     

Transgenic tobacco plants expressing synthetic Cry1Ac and Cry1Ie genes are more toxic to cotton bollworm than those containing one gene

Transgenic tobacco plants carrying CrylAc, Crylle or both genes were obtained. In the leaves of transgenic plants carrying both genes, the contents of CrylAc and Crylle proteins were 0.173% and 0.131% of the total proteins, respectively. CrylAc protein content was 0.182 % and Cry1 le protein content was 0.124% of the total proteins in the leaves of transgenic plants containing only one Bt gene. Fresh leaves of transgenic tobacco and wild-type plants were used for the insect bioassay against wild-type and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm （Helicoverpa armigera）. The bioassay results showed that transgenic plants carrying both genes were significantly more toxic to wild-type and CrylAc-resistant cotton bollworm than those carrying CrylAc or Crylle alone. This study indicates that the higher toxicity of transgenic tobacco plants carrying both genes is caused by the cooperative function of both Bt proteins, thus providing a potential way to delay the development of insect resistance to transgenic crops.     

菠菜抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

利用生物信息学分析方法,在菠菜全基因组中鉴定出了菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)家族成员,并对其理化性质、亚细胞定位、基因结构、保守基序、同源关系及基因表达进行了分析,发现菠菜中存在7个SoAPXs(SoAPX1～7)基因,并通过进化树分析将菠菜APX家族分为4类.基因结构分析发现该家族基因由5～9个外显子构成.亚细胞定位预测表明大部分菠菜APX蛋白定位在细胞质.实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)结果表明:SoAPXs在各个组织器官中呈组成型表达,其中SoAPX1和SoAPX3的组织表达模式相似,SoAPX4和SoAPX5相似,SoAPX2在新叶中表达最高,SoAPX7在雄花中表达最高.对经胁迫处理后的样品进行表达分析发现,低温胁迫与氧化胁迫对SoAPXs的表达均有诱导作用,盐胁迫与干旱胁迫也刺激了大部分SoAPXs的表达.这些结果表明:SoAPXs可能在菠菜的抗盐、耐寒、抗旱以及抗氧化过程中起作用,为后续深入鉴定APX家族成员的功能提供参考.