芝麻过敏原及其致敏性消减技术研究进展

芝麻是新的“8大类”过敏食物之一,芝麻过敏反应由于其潜在危害性及其日益上升的发病率而越来越引起全世界的普遍重视,因此研究芝麻致敏性消减技术在保障食品安全方面具有重要意义。概述了芝麻主要过敏原(Ses i 1～Ses i 7)的结构和免疫特性,及其致敏性消减技术原理和研究进展;已报道的芝麻过敏原有7种,属于2S白蛋白、7S类豌豆球蛋白、油质蛋白和11S球蛋白,其中11S球蛋白和2S白蛋白是主要的过敏原蛋白。利用热加工技术消减芝麻致敏性,主要通过煮沸、微波、烘焙等工艺引起过敏原的解聚、变性进而破坏致敏表位;高压、辐照、发酵、酶解等非热加工技术通过氢键、疏水键等化学键的变化、多肽链的断裂引起蛋白结构变化,从而掩盖或直接降解致敏表位。另外,结合其他食品过敏原,对芝麻过敏原的潜在消减技术,包括脉冲电场、冷等离子体、超声波、脉冲光、糖基化改性和复合加工技术等进行了阐述分析。未来需要进一步研究芝麻不同过敏原的致敏表位、不同加工工艺对过敏原结构及致敏性影响、开展血清学、细胞和动物模型等致敏性评价等,以明确芝麻致敏性消减的主要机制,以期为生产低敏或脱敏芝麻产品奠定理论依据与科学指导。     

甲壳类水产品过敏原及其致敏性消减技术研究进展

甲壳类水产品味道鲜美,营养丰富,广受消费者喜爱,但可诱发机体产生严重过敏反应,甚至危及生命,已成为全球范围内日益严重的食品安全问题。概述了目前已鉴定的甲壳类水产品过敏原的结构和免疫性质,及其致敏性消减技术原理和研究进展；已报道的甲壳类水产品过敏原有原肌球蛋白、精氨酸激酶、肌质钙结合蛋白、肌球蛋白轻链、磷酸丙糖异构酶和血蓝蛋白等,其中原肌球蛋白为甲壳类水产品的主要过敏原,可与72%~98%的甲壳类食品过敏患者血清产生特异性IgE反应。利用物理加工消减甲壳类水产品过敏原致敏性,主要通过传统热处理、微波、超高压、低温等离子体和辐照等物理作用力诱导蛋白质变性,进而破坏蛋白质的致敏性表位；酸处理和糖基化等化学修饰消减技术可以通过改变过敏原结构、形成新化学键等方式掩盖或直接破坏致敏性表位；酶处理和发酵处理等生物修饰消减技术则直接降解过敏原致敏性表位。未来仍需要通过过敏表位的靶向消减、多种消减技术协同、动物与人体试验开展,探究过敏原结构和表位修饰的影响机制,推进过敏原消减技术的实际应用,为低敏甚至脱敏甲壳类食品的研发提供参考。     

蟹类水产品过敏原及其致敏性消减技术研究进展

蟹类是我国重要的经济水产品,也是诱发过敏反应的主要食物之一。因此,了解蟹类水产品过敏原种类及抗原表位,探究有效的蟹类致敏性消减技术等极为迫切。阐明蟹类水产品过敏原及其抗原表位是消减其致敏性的重要前提,概述了国内外分离鉴定的蟹类水产品过敏原,包括原肌球蛋白、精氨酸激酶、肌质钙结合蛋白、磷酸丙糖异构酶、细丝蛋白c等;总结了利用生物信息学技术、噬菌体展示技术、一珠一化合物技术等定位分析蟹类水产品过敏原的线性表位和构象表位概况。比较了辐照技术、超声技术、美拉德反应技术、酶法交联技术、微生物发酵技术等现代加工处理方法,或修饰过敏原抗原表位或破坏过敏原蛋白质结构,从而消减蟹类水产品过敏原致敏性。着重分析了蟹类水产品过敏原的未来研究趋势,提出蟹类水产品过敏原结构与致敏性的构效关系解析是该领域的研究难点;对比了物理法、化学法、生物法在蟹类水产品致敏性消减方面的优缺点,提出未来重点发展复合加工处理方式,以便更大程度地降低过敏原致敏性,从而为低致敏性的蟹类食品或生物制品的开发提供技术依据。     

低致敏食品制备技术及其工业化应用研究进展

食物过敏是联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织认定的全球性食品安全问题之一。在食品加工多元化的背景下,食物过敏患者要完全避免过敏原十分困难,研发低致敏食品对食物过敏患者的安全膳食至关重要。总结了低致敏食品制备技术的加工技术原理；以蒸煮、微波和烘烤为主的热加工技术通过加热诱导蛋白质变性的方式破坏致敏性构象性表位；高压、脉冲电场、脉冲光、低温等离子体、辐照和超声等非热加工技术可以通过过敏原蛋白结构修饰、多肽链断裂、新化学键的产生等方式直接破坏致敏性表位；酶水解、酶交联、糖基化、微生物发酵等其他加工方法则通过改变蛋白质构象或将蛋白质与糖类物质结合,破坏或隐藏过敏原致敏性表位。另外,对工业化低致敏蛋白配料的加工方法和生产现状进行了阐述分析。基于酶法水解的部分水解乳蛋白和深度水解乳蛋白已经可以工业化生产,其他消减食物致敏性的方法以及其他低致敏蛋白配料值得进一步研究。希望可以为工业化生产低致敏食品提供参考。     

降低烘烤花生致敏性的蛋白酶筛选

花生经过烘烤后致敏性增强,水解是降低过敏原致敏性最有效的方法,研究的目的在于筛选有效降低烘烤花生致敏性的蛋白酶.结果表明:Alcalase蛋白酶脱敏效果最好,胃蛋白酶作用效果最不明显.水解效率高的Alcalase、Flavorzyme、Protamex和Protease M蛋白酶两两组合水解花生蛋白,较之单酶水解情况,水解度提高显著,但是花生致敏性降低并不明显,因此研究中Alcalase碱性蛋白酶是降低烘烤花生致敏性的最佳用酶.     

葎草花粉主要过敏原的分离鉴定与纯化

采用液氮研磨法提取葎草花粉粗蛋白,凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分离粗提液蛋白组分并测定各组分的相对分子质量,后经过离子交换层析法分离纯化几类主要的蛋白,再用westen blotting分别检测其与花粉过敏患者血清IgE结合情况,鉴定每种主要蛋白质致敏原的致敏性.分析了葎草花粉变应原成分及其变应原性、免疫原性,并鉴定主要过敏原的致敏性.SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结果表明,广泛的分布于8～170 kDa之间有主带13条,次带10余条;westen blotting检测发现葎草花粉的致敏性较强,与花粉过敏患者血清IgE结合能力较高.离子交换层析出4种主要变应原蛋白,其相对分子质量分别为55,16,15和25 kDa,其中结合能力最强的是15 kDa处蛋白条带.葎草的主要过敏原为55,16,15和25 kDa蛋白质组分.     

食源性过敏动物模型的研究现状与分析

在全球范围内人类所需的蛋白源性营养严重不足,越来越多的新品种蛋白进入人们的日常饮食,由此导致的食源性过敏也逐渐成为常见和高发的健康问题。虽然已经有一些食物过敏模型供临床诊断和研究使用,但是这种模型体系并不完善,因此以动物模型研究食源性过敏症发生的原因与特征显得愈加重要。本文对各种食源性过敏研究中动物模型的设计进行了分析,在相关实验中通过致敏剂量与致敏发生的关系得到阈值并对过敏反应进行评估,用不同的加工方式处理蛋白质使该蛋白质的致敏能力发生了改变。本文同时阐述了佐剂、饮食和相关因素对实验的影响,以及过敏反应的测量评定指标等。希望通过对以上各方面的分析和总结,为今后食源性蛋白质过敏反应动物模型的设计提供参考。     

牛乳清蛋白BALB/c小鼠过敏模型的建立及其优化

目的:建立牛乳清蛋白的BALB/c小鼠过敏模型,并探讨不同佐剂、免疫途径及饲料纯度等因素对建立牛乳清蛋白的BALB/c小鼠过敏模型的影响。方法:用不含牛乳及乳制品的特制饲料饲养BALB/c小鼠以乳清蛋白致敏,间接ELISA法测定特异性IgE,用荧光法检测体外激发小鼠致敏肥大细胞释放的组胺。结果:成功建立BALB/c小鼠乳清蛋白过敏模型,条件优化结果显示,氢氧化铝佐剂结合皮下注射最好地促进特异性IgE产生;用不含牛奶及其他食物过敏原的特制饲料饲养的小鼠特异性IgE的本底水平低,适于建立小鼠过敏模型,荧光法检测肥大细胞释放组胺的结果与特异性IgE检测结果一致。结论:用特制饲料饲养小鼠,氢氧化铝佐剂结合皮下注射乳清蛋白适于建立BALB/c小鼠过敏症模型,该模型可用于过敏症机理研究。     

国外研制出新一代疫苗

脱敏疫苗 对过敏体质者来说,世间许多物质都可引起过敏,最常见的过敏源如狗、猫等宠物的发毛、油漆、花粉等亦可引起过敏。同时,滥用西药也是发达国家中过敏症患者日益增多的一个重要原因。     

生物共振在过敏性角结膜炎过敏原检测中的应用

目的了解过敏性角结膜炎的常见过敏原种类.方法我们将本院2006年7月至10月在眼科门诊就诊的21例过敏性角结膜炎患者采用德国MORA-super生物共振过敏诊断治疗仪进行过敏原筛查.结果 21例患者中过敏原总数157例次,其中食入性65例(41.4%);吸入性45例(28.7%);真菌、细菌、原虫类16例(10.2%);其他类过敏原31例(19.7%).结论过敏性角结膜炎过敏原种类繁多,运用MORA-super生物共振过敏诊断治疗仪可检测标准过敏原3000余种,扩大了检测范围,为临床寻找相应过敏原和有效的防治提供了实验室诊断及治疗依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that