Calcium triggers exit from meiosis II by targeting the APC/C inhibitor XErp1 for degradation

Vertebrate eggs awaiting fertilization are arrested at metaphase of meiosis II by a biochemical activity termed cytostatic factor (CSF). This activity inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that triggers anaphase onset and mitotic/meiotic exit by targeting securin and M-phase cyclins for destruction. On fertilization a transient rise in free intracellular calcium causes release from CSF arrest and thus APC/C activation. Although it has previously been shown that calcium induces the release of APC/C from CSF inhibition through calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), the relevant substrates of this kinase have not been identified. Recently, we characterized XErp1 (Emi2), an inhibitor of the APC/C and key component of CSF activity in Xenopus egg extract. Here we show that calcium-activated CaMKII triggers exit from meiosis II by sensitizing the APC/C inhibitor XErp1 for polo-like kinase 1 (Plx1)-dependent degradation. Phosphorylation of XErp1 by CaMKII leads to the recruitment of Plx1 that in turn triggers the destruction of XErp1 by phosphorylating a site known to serve as a phosphorylation-dependent degradation signal. These results provide a molecular explanation for how the fertilization-induced calcium increase triggers exit from meiosis II.     

Control of the SCF(Skp2-Cks1) ubiquitin ligase by the APC/C(Cdh1) ubiquitin ligase

Skp2 and its cofactor Cks1 are the substrate-targeting subunits of the SCF(Skp2-Cks1) (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex that regulates entry into S phase by inducing the degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 (ref. 1). Skp2 is an oncoprotein that often shows increased expression in human cancers; however, the mechanism that regulates its cellular abundance is not well understood. Here we show that both Skp2 and Cks1 proteins are unstable in G1 and that their degradation is mediated by the ubiquitin ligase APC/C(Cdh1) (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and its activator Cdh1). Silencing of Cdh1 by RNA interference in G1 cells stabilizes Skp2 and Cks1, with a consequent increase in p21 and p27 proteolysis. Depletion of Cdh1 also increases the percentage of cells in S phase, whereas concomitant downregulation of Skp2 reverses this effect, showing that Skp2 is an essential target of APC/C(Cdh1). Expression of a stable Skp2 mutant that cannot bind APC/C(Cdh1) induces premature entry into S phase. Thus, the induction of Skp2 and Cks1 degradation in G1 represents a principal mechanism by which APC/C(Cdh1) prevents the unscheduled degradation of SCF(Skp2-Cks1) substrates and maintains the G1 state.     

Structures of APC/C(Cdh1) with substrates identify Cdh1 and Apc10 as the D-box co-receptor

The ubiquitylation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins by the large multimeric anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) controls sister chromatid segregation and the exit from mitosis. Selection of APC/C targets is achieved through recognition of destruction motifs, predominantly the destruction (D)-box and KEN (Lys-Glu-Asn)-box. Although this process is known to involve a co-activator protein (either Cdc20 or Cdh1) together with core APC/C subunits, the structural basis for substrate recognition and ubiquitylation is not understood. Here we investigate budding yeast APC/C using single-particle electron microscopy and determine a cryo-electron microscopy map of APC/C in complex with the Cdh1 co-activator protein (APC/C(Cdh1)) bound to a D-box peptide at ～10 ? resolution. We find that a combined catalytic and substrate-recognition module is located within the central cavity of the APC/C assembled from Cdh1, Apc10--a core APC/C subunit previously implicated in substrate recognition--and the cullin domain of Apc2. Cdh1 and Apc10, identified from difference maps, create a co-receptor for the D-box following repositioning of Cdh1 towards Apc10. Using NMR spectroscopy we demonstrate specific D-box-Apc10 interactions, consistent with a role for Apc10 in directly contributing towards D-box recognition by the APC/C(Cdh1) complex. Our results rationalize the contribution of both co-activator and core APC/C subunits to D-box recognition and provide a structural framework for understanding mechanisms of substrate recognition and catalysis by the APC/C.     

聚合离子液体催化蔗糖麦芽糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛

以咪唑和环氧氯丙烷为单体制备了聚合离子液体,通过阴离子交换得到了聚咪唑-环氧氯丙烷四氟硼酸盐离子液体,并通过核磁、红外分析和凝胶过滤色谱法确定了其结构和分子量分布。在二甲基亚砜（DMSO）溶剂中,该催化剂催化蔗糖和麦芽糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）表现出了较好的催化活性。以蔗糖为原料（以1.0g计）,温度为180℃,催化剂的用量为0.4g,5-HMF收率为71.4%。以麦芽糖为原料（以10g计）,温度为180℃,催化剂的用量为0.4g,5-HMF收率为39.8%。催化剂经循环利用8次仍能保持较高的催化活性。     

ERK_(1,2)抑制剂联合5-FU对B16细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:观察ERK_(1,2)抑制剂联合5-Fu对B16细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,并探讨作用机制.方法:用MTT法观察ERK_(1,2)抑制剂、5-FU和联合用药对细胞增殖的抑制作用,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,用RT-PCR观察ERK_(1,2)抑制剂、5-Fu和联合用药对bcl-2和caspase-9的表达的影响.结果:ERK_(1,2)抑制剂联合5-Fu组在抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,均较对照组、单独用药组作用增强,并且下调bcl-2和上调easpase-9的表达.结论:ERK_(1,2)抑制剂联合5-Fu有协同抑制B16细胞增殖,促进凋亡的作用,其机制可能与诱导细胞凋亡,下调bcl-2和上调caspase-9的表达有关.     

[Cd(phen)(NO3)2(H2O)]n:从一维多核配位链通过氢键和芳环堆积相互作用构筑三维超分子网络

通过Cd(NO3)2与邻二氮杂菲(phen)和丁二酸在水-甲醇溶剂中反应制备了一个新型硝酸根桥联配位聚合物[Cd(phen)(NO3)2(H2O)]n(1).用X-射线衍射技术在室温下测定了标题化合物的晶体结构单斜晶系,P21空间群(No.4),晶胞参数a=1.029 79(10)nm,b=0.725 41(7)nm,c=1.030 16(10)nm,β=110.486 0(10)°,V=0.720 88(12)nm3,Z=2.CdⅡ中心离子为六配位,处于由螯合phen配体、硝酸根离子和水所构成的CdN2O4扭曲多面体中.CdⅡ离子之间通过硝酸根离子连接形成一维无限锯齿形配位链,这些一维链通过phen和硝酸根离子间的C H…O相互作用进一步连接成二维结构.此外,这些二维结构之间存在芳环堆积相互作用,且通过层间水-硝酸根离子所组成的O-H…O氢键连接而形成三维超分子结构.     

~(20)Ne核谱在壳模型,Democratic mapping和微观IBM方案中计算结果的直接比较

对于20Ne核,在相同的核壳和单粒子能级下,将在壳模型,Democracticmapping（DM）和微观IBM方案下的计算能谱与实验值作了直接比较通过DM揭示出壳模型理论与微观IBM理论间的关系：至少在sd壳上,后者源于前者,又是完成前者计算的一条好途径与一个好近似.     

1-[5-(3-吡啶)-四唑-2-乙酰基]-4-芳基氨基硫脲及3-[5-(3-吡啶)-四唑-2-亚甲基]-4-芳基-1,2,4-三唑-5-硫酮等化合物的~(13)C-NMR 的研究

本文测定1-[5-(3-吡啶)-四唑-2-乙酰基]-4-芳基氨基硫脲及3-[5-(3-吡啶)-四唑-2-亚甲基]-4-芳基-1,2,4-三唑-5-硫酮等六种化合物的~(13)C-NMR 谱.各种~(13)C-NMR 化学位移,根据取代基效应,讯号强度以及同模型化合物化学位移对照而确认其归属.     

5-[(5-氯-2-吡啶)偶氮]-2,4-二氨基甲苯测定微量铂(Ⅳ)的方法研究

研究了Pt(Ⅳ ) 5 [(5 氯 2 吡啶 )偶氮 ] 2 ,4 二氨基甲苯 (5 Cl PADAT) tween 2 0高灵敏显色体系 .在pH =2 8～3 9的醋酸介质中 ,Pt(Ⅳ )与 5 Cl PADAT于沸水浴中形成 1∶4的红色水溶性络合物 .在tween 2 0存在下 ,对络合物的吸收有显著的增敏作用 .最大吸收波长在 5 88 0nm .表观摩尔吸光系数为 7 2 7× 1 0 4 L·mol- 1 ·cm- 1 ,Pt(Ⅳ )浓度在0 0 3～ 1 1 μg mL范围内线性关系良好 ,检出限为 0 0 1 38μg mL .方法用于矿样中铂的测定 ,结果满意     

正极材料Li[Ni_(1/3)Li_(1/9)Mn_(5/9)]O_2的结构和充放电过程研究

应用X射线衍射,选区电子衍射和同步X射线衍射等方法,对锂离子电池正极材料Li[Ni1/3Li1/9Mn5/9]O2的结构和充放电行为进行了研究.结果表明Li[Ni1/3Li1/9Mn5/9]O2可标定为单相α-NaFeO2,并具有3ahex.×3ahex.×3chex.超结构特征.电池充电时,伴随锂离子的脱出,相邻氧原子层间的静电斥力逐渐增大,当电压为3.8V时应力达到最大.接近4.6V时,晶胞常数c急剧下降,绝大多数Li 从材料的锂层拔出,Ni2 发生氧化.4.6～4.8V之间c增大,a变化很小,说明过渡金属层中的Li 拔出,而过渡金属离子的氧化状态未改变.     

合成钒醇盐研制V_2O_5导电膜

以V_2O_5,C_2H_5OH和SOCl_2为原料,用氨法合成了釩的醇盐Vo(OC_2H_5)_3。将玻璃在其乙醇溶液中浸涂、热处理后,得到表面无定形V_2O_5导电膜。浸涂液中乙醇和钒醇盐体积比为14,水和钒醇盐摩尔比为2或3时,导电膜均匀、透明,并具良好的导电性。随着热处理温度的升高及热处理时间的延长,涂膜的厚度减少,膜与基体玻璃的结合增强,膜的电导率逐渐上升,在320℃时达到最大值,为3.5×10~(-2)Ω~(-1)。cm~(-1)。透射电镜分析表明,VO(OC_2H_5)_3水解后得到的凝胶具有纤维状显微结构。凝胶的傅里叶转换红外吸收光谱显示V_2O_5的特征吸收峰。差热和X射线衍射分析表明,在340℃凝胶中V_3O_5晶化。     

海洋真菌Fusarium sp.#ZZF51的次级代谢产物二(5-丁基-2-吡啶甲酸-N1,O2)合铜(II)的抑菌抗癌活性研究

从南海红树林内源真菌Fusarium sp.#ZZF51的培养液中分离得到一金属铜络合物(1),通过波谱数据和单晶衍射数据解析其结构为:二(5-丁基-2-吡啶甲酸-N1,O2)合铜(Ⅱ),它是首次从自然界中被发现.体外活性实验初步表明:络合物(1)对四种细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌和肠炎沙门氏菌)和三种癌细胞(KB、KBv200、HepG2)具有较强抑制活性,前者最低抑菌浓度(MIC值)分别为12.5、25、12.5和50 μg/mL,后者IC50值分别为3.54、3.68和25.12 μg/mL.     

2,5—二取代噁唑的研究(Ⅳ)——2—联苯基—5—苯基噁唑及其5—对位取

本文对14种2—联苯基—5—苯基噁唑及其5—对位取代苯基衍生物进行了HMO计算,得到π—电子能级和分子图,并对其紫外吸收光谱和萤光发射光谱的取代基效应运用简单的分子轨道理论做了说明,得到的计算结果与实验测得的光谱数据有较好的相关性。     

18世纪末～20世纪中叶苗族向滇东南和中印半岛北部迁徙的政治与经济因素

18世纪末一20世纪中叶苗族向滇东南和中印半岛北部的迁徙既有政治原因,也有经济原因。就政治原因而言,主要是苗族卷入其中的乾嘉起事、“成同变乱”引发了苗族的大规模迁徙。就经济原因而言,一方面,刀耕火种的游耕农业使得相当一部分苗族人口长期处于向西南迁徙的状态,以不断寻找新的可耕地;另一方面,玉米的引进和推广使得滇东南和中印半岛北部尚未开垦的广大山区半山区成为可耕地,不断吸引着大量苗族人口迁徙而来。     

溶胶—凝胶法制备Li2＋xNdxSi1—xO3及其离子导电性研究

采用溶胶－凝胶法制备Ｌｉ２＋ｘＮｄｘＳｉ１－ｘＯ２（ｘ＝０￣０．１５）,用ＤＴＡ,ＸＲＤ,ＴＥＭ核对样品的结构,形貌、粒径及离子导电性进行了观察和测试,结果表明：其固溶体形成范围是０〈ｘ≤０．０９,在固溶体范围内,样品电导率随掺杂量增加而增高,平均粒径为０．２μｍ,与传统固相合成方法相比,该法可使样品的生成温度降低,离子导电性得到提高。