2004-2011年安庆地区对流层顶的特征分析

通过对安庆地区2004-2011年逐日07:00和19:00定时观测探空资料分析,讨论了当地对流层顶的要素统计特征,结果表明:第一对流层顶于7,8,9月出现极少或没有,月平均温度极值相差大,其高度和温度有良好的对应关系,且有明显的季节变化特征;第二对流层顶每月均能观测到,月平均温度极值相差比较小,没有明显的季节变化特征。     

全球平流层、对流层质量交换的季节变化特征

用1958年到2001年44 a ECMWF资料,P坐标系下Wei公式诊断了全球对流层、平流层交换的季节变化.结果表明:印尼、孟加拉湾以及南美中西海岸附近是物质由对流层向平流层输送的主要通道.中高纬度地区同时存在向上、向下的通量,大尺度槽区伴随着平流层向下的输送.一年中,秋、冬季向下的输送强,春、夏季较弱.东亚地区存在很强的平流层向下的输送,且中心位置移动不大;只占北半球5.6%面积的东亚,其多年平均质量净交换量却占到北半球的15.83%,这说明东亚地区对流层与平流层之间的质量交换对北半球乃至全球对流层、平流层交换研究的重要性.从1958年到2001年,穿越对流层顶的空气都是更多地从平流层进入对流层,这与同化数据本身存在系统性偏差以及对流层顶高度44a来始终升高有关.南、北半球质量交换量以及质量交换通量对所占纬度带的贡献都是从赤道向两极逐渐增大,且北半球的贡献比南半球要大得多.高纬度地区单位面积上的质量交换量以及质量交换通量比低纬度要大,说明高纬度地区质量交换的效率要比低纬度更高.     

大气对流层顶的臭氧时空分布变化

 利用1958~2001年的臭氧垂直分布和NCEP资料,计算出全球对流层顶的气候场,并对其空间分布、季节、年际和年代际演变进行了分析.结果表明:①对流层顶臭氧质量比呈纬向分布的特征明显,南北半球中纬度和南极为高值区,赤道和北极为低值区,且与对流层顶高度和温度场有对应关系;②从400~70 hPa的温度和臭氧质量比垂直经向剖面中,显现出对流层顶的上层和下层由于具有不同的物理和化学过程导致垂直分布存在差异;③对流层顶臭氧质量比纬向距平场的年代际变率具有不同位相的时空演变尺度,南半球的时空差异比北半球大,南极最不稳定,低纬和赤道地区幅度变化较小,但时间尺度较大;④极地各季节对流层顶的臭氧分布和高度场特征相似,低纬则与温度场分布较一致;⑤对流层顶断裂带中臭氧质量比最大值出现在春季,秋季为最小值,其对应的纬度存在明显的季节空间经向波动,夏季达到最高纬度,冬季到达最低纬度;⑥对流层顶臭氧质量比纬向距平的季节变率表现出准半年变化趋势,且两半球变化趋势相反.     

穿越东亚不同定义对流层顶质量和臭氧通量的分析

选取动力学和热力学定义的对流层顶作为平流层和对流层之间的分界,并利用等熵坐标下的Wei公式对东亚地区穿越对流层顶的质量和臭氧通量进行了分析,结果发现对流层顶的选择对于研究平流层与对流层交换方面的作用至关重要.东亚地区质量和臭氧通量交换在整体上具有明显的年代际变化特征,1958～2001年近44a的通量交换距平变化可以分为3个比较稳定的时段:即1958～1971,1972～1985和1986～2001年.在这3个时段中,通量交换距平分布表现为"负正负"的变化趋势,说明在东亚地区质量和臭氧净通量交换情况为先增强后减弱.东亚地区平流层和对流层之间质量和臭氧交换正距平区在东北平原和华北平原附近经历了一个逐渐增强的变化过程,表明这些区域在东亚地区平流层和对流层之间的质量和臭氧通量交换中扮演着越来越重要的角色.     

利用GPS掩星数据分析青藏高原对流层顶结构变化

应用GPS无线电掩星数据研究青藏高原上空对流层顶变化.首先，对CHAMP和SAC-C掩星温度廓线一致性进行对比分析，进一步与匹配的无线电探空数据对比，验证高原地区掩星温度廓线的准确性.选用2001年5月至2004年12月CHAMP及SAC-C数据，分析了75°-105°E，25°-40°W青藏高原及105°-135°E，25°-40°W对比区域，对流层顶高度及温度随时间及空间的变化.分别根据最冷点及递减率对流层顶定义，分析了区域内季节变化特征.     

2005年夏季亚洲季风区下平流层水汽的对流源区

利用高分辨三维Lagrange输送模式的数值模拟,确定了2005年夏季亚洲季风区下平流层水汽的对流源区,并初步探讨了其可能机制．三维轨迹分析结果表明,虽然青藏高原及其周边区域不是对流层向平流层质量输送的主要源区,但却对下平流层水汽具有重要影响,该区域贡献占整个亚洲季风区水汽垂直输送的三分之一强．一方面,夏季高原上空深厚的湿对流系统为对流层向平流层水汽输送提供了基础条件．另一方面,和其他区域相比,高原区域上空对流层顶温度较高,使得大气穿越对流层顶附近时避免了类似于热带对流层顶附近“冷点”的“冻干”脱水过程,这是该区域成为对流源区的关键因素．     

大气对流层顶位温与高度的变化分析

 利用1948~2006年共59 a的NCEP/NCAR温度场、气压场、位势高度场的逐日资料,对全球对流层顶的位温及其高度进行计算,并对其结果进行了分析.结果表明:①对流层顶位温的变化在310~380 K,其中副热带位温最高,而两极位温最低.大陆上空对流层顶位温的空间尺度较小,海洋上空为较大的空间尺度.②1948~2006年的59 a里对流层顶位温,总体上呈现出大陆区域位温下降,海洋区域位温上升的变化趋势,且在6~8月青藏高原及其以东的大陆区域和南极洲对流层顶位温下降趋势明显,12月至次年2月在30°S附近南印度洋和南太平洋海域对流层顶位温上升趋势明显.③全球对流层顶高度在10~17 km范围内,两极最低.两半球的高度升高与降低均同步.两半球存在准半年的位相差异.热带对流层顶多呈现上升趋势,极地对流层顶则多呈现下降趋势.与位温相同的是,陆地上的对流层顶高度下降,海洋上的对流层顶高度上升.     

全球对流层顶温度场演变的气候学特征分析

 利用经验正交函数分解(EOF)方法对57 a(1948~2004年)NCEP/NCAR全球对流层顶月平均温度场进行分析,并讨论了57 a的主要特征向量空间分布及其对应的时间系数的演变,结果分析表明:第1模态的时空分布特征能够较好地反映对流层顶温度场结构的分布状况,且具有明显的季节变化;南北半球的温度场的空间分布结构不太一致,南半球纬向分布较为平稳,而北半球经向和纬向活动都比较强,且有明显的温度槽脊结构;南北半球的极地对流层顶温度结构在不同的季节有不同的变化趋势;南北半球热带对流层的第1模态温度场全年具有整体一致型分布;温度场各个季节的时间系数变化具有明显的多时间尺度特征.     

关于大气臭氧问题的主要研究进展

大气臭氧是非常重要的温室气体,其在全球的分布具有不均匀性,受到人类活动的显著影响,近几十年来由于对流层臭氧增加造成正的辐射强迫会增加大气温室效应,而平流臭氧减少会使其吸收的紫外线辐射减少,为负的辐射强迫,使得平流层大气降温。因此关于大气臭氧浓度变化及其对气候的影响是非常复杂的,一直是科学界研究的热点和难点问题。自从20世纪50年代末到70年代就发现臭氧浓度有减少的趋势。1985年英国南极考察队在南纬60°地区观测发现存在大气臭氧层空洞;自此开始,大气臭氧问题引起了世界各国的极大关注,并给予很多研究。目前,平流层和对流层臭氧浓度的观测仍然是研究的重点。鉴于对流层臭氧浓度持续升高和平流层臭氧浓度的不断下降,以及他们在对流层和平流层大气温度中所起的不同作用,本文将主要针对近五年来大气臭氧相关的研究进展进行简要的综述,包括对流层和平流层臭氧浓度及其观测研究,和人类活动的影响等方面进行分述。最后给出目前研究工作的不足和未来工作展望。     

全球对流层顶气压场和温度场的时空演变结构特征

 利用1948~2004年共57年的对流层顶气压场和温度场资料,对全球对流层顶平均温压场的空间分布结构、年际和年代际变化以及季节变化进行了分析.结果表明:①热带对流层顶和极地对流层顶的平均气压场的空间位置和热状况大致吻合,并存在空间波动性,两半球对流层顶的温压场具有显著的非对称性;②对流层顶的纬向气压与温度距平场都具有不同尺度的年际和年代际变化,两极地区对流层顶的温压场最不稳定,两半球中纬度地区的时间演变尺度存在明显差异.对流层顶断裂带及其对应温度的时空波动存在反位相关系,20世纪70年代末温度出现突变现象,此时对流层顶断裂带迅速向南部空间移动;③不同季节对流层顶的温压场都将进行空间结构的调整,两者之间存在着季节变化的协调性,但北半球较南半球的演变过程复杂;④对流层顶温压场纬向距平的季节变率可划分为5个位相不同的时空波动区域,构成了气压场和温度场的经向型相关结构.北极地区气压场变化有超前于温度场变化的趋势,对流层顶断裂带的温度季节变化存在着双峰波动结构.冬半年断裂区的地理位置较夏半年稳定,气压场和温度场的最大季节变程均发生在南极.     

Seasonal variation of global stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange

By Wei formula in pressure coordinate, the stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange (STME) is diagnosed globally for 44 years from 1958 to 2001 using the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis datasets. Regions of mass flux into the stratosphere are found over Indonesia, bay of Bangladesh and the mid-west coast of South Africa. Compensating mass outflow from the stratosphere appears mainly over mid-latitudes near large-scale troughs. Upward and downward transport of mass at the middle and high latitudes accompany with each other. Mass flux into troposphere is stronger in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Strong downward mass flux into the troposphere occurs in eastern Asia the whole year with nearly stable sites. Although the area of eastern Asia accounts for only 5.6% of that of the northern hemisphere (NH), its net mass exchange reaches 15.83% of that of the NH, which means that research on STME of eastern Asia is greatly important to that of the NH and even the global areas. Air across the tropopause enters more from stratosphere to troposphere than that from troposphere to stratosphere, which is possibly related with systematic bias of the assimilated datasets and with persistent rise of the tropopause height. Contributions of the mass exchange and the mass flux exchange in the NH and southern hemisphere (SH) on their latitudes increase from equator to pole, with larger contributions in the NH. Mass exchange and mass flux exchange per areas at high latitudes are larger than that at low latitudes, which means greater mass exchange efficiency at high latitudes.     

Mass exchange between stratosphere and trotosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings

Using NCEP dataset we calculate the exchange of mass across the thermal tropopause by the Wei's method from 1978 to 1997 over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. We also calculate the annual variation of aerosol and ozone of 100 hPa level with the monthly SAGE dataset from July 1988 to December 1993. Results indicate that ( i ) the mass from troposphere to stratosphere is magistral station in summer over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. The air transport reaches the summit in midsummer with two large value centers, which lie in the north of Bengal Bay and southeastern Tibetan Plateau, respectively. A large value center, which lies over the Tibetan Plateau, is smaller than that aforementioned. In winter, the mass transport is from stratosphere to troposphere, and reaches the minimum in January. ( ii ) As far as the 19-year mean cross-tropopause mass exchange from June to September is concerned, the net mass transport is 14.84x1018 kg from troposphere to stratosphere. So the area from the Tibetan Plateau to the Bengal Bay is a channel through which the mass of lower atmosphere layer gets into upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. (iii) The cross-tropopause mass may take the lower level aerosol to the tropopause. Then, the concentration of aerosol near the tropopause becomes larger, which may cause the content of ozone to reduce.     

Seasonal variation of global stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange

By Wei formula in pressure coordinate, the stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange (STME) is diagnosed globally for 44 years from 1958 to 2001 using the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis datasets. Regions of mass flux into the stratosphere are found over Indonesia, bay of Bangladesh and the mid-west coast of South Africa. Compensating mass outflow from the stratosphere appears mainly over mid-latitudes near large-scale troughs. Upward and downward transport of mass at the middle and high latitudes accompany with each other. Mass flux into troposphere is stronger in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Strong downward mass flux into the troposphere occurs in eastern Asia the whole year with nearly stable sites. Although the area of eastern Asia accounts for only 5.6% of that of the northern hemisphere (NH), its net mass exchange reaches 15.83% of that of the NH, which means that research on STME of eastern Asia is greatly important to that of the NH and even the global areas. Air across the tropopause enters more from stratosphere to troposphere than that from troposphere to stratosphere, which is possibly related with systematic bias of the assimilated datasets and with persistent rise of the tropopause height. Contributions of the mass exchange and the mass flux exchange in the NH and southern hemisphere (SH) on their latitudes increase from equator to pole, with larger contributions in the NH. Mass exchange and mass flux exchange per areas at high latitudes are larger than that at low latitudes, which means greater mass exchange efficiency at high latitudes.     

Detection of stratospheric ozone intrusions by windprofiler radars

Stratospheric ozone attenuates harmful ultraviolet radiation and protects the Earth's biosphere. Ozone is also of fundamental importance for the chemistry of the lowermost part of the atmosphere, the troposphere. At ground level, ozone is an important by-product of anthropogenic pollution, damaging forests and crops, and negatively affecting human health. Ozone is critical to the chemical and thermal balance of the troposphere because, via the formation of hydroxyl radicals, it controls the capacity of tropospheric air to oxidize and remove other pollutants. Moreover, ozone is an important greenhouse gas, particularly in the upper troposphere. Although photochemistry in the lower troposphere is the major source of tropospheric ozone, the stratosphere-troposphere transport of ozone is important to the overall climatology, budget and long-term trends of tropospheric ozone. Stratospheric intrusion events, however, are still poorly understood. Here we introduce the use of modern windprofiler radars to assist in such transport investigations. By hourly monitoring the radar-derived tropopause height in combination with a series of frequent ozonesonde balloon launches, we find numerous intrusions of ozone from the stratosphere into the troposphere in southeastern Canada. On some occasions, ozone is dispersed at altitudes of two to four kilometres, but on other occasions it reaches the ground, where it can dominate the ozone density variability. We observe rapid changes in radar tropopause height immediately preceding these intrusion events. Such changes therefore serve as a valuable diagnostic for the occurrence of ozone intrusion events. Our studies emphasize the impact that stratospheric ozone can have on tropospheric ozone, and show that windprofiler data can be used to infer the possibility of ozone intrusions, as well as better represent tropopause motions in association with stratosphere-troposphere transport.     

对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化研究

 采用季节划分和季节突变的概念、理论及方法,对44a(1958~2001年)的大气臭氧资料及对流层顶气压场资料进行了计算,并分析了对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化.结果发现对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化在全球大部分区域中的突变性都比较明显,表明对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化受到上对流层和下平流层中多种因素的影响.通过分析还发现,利用曾庆存所定义的参数R_W(t)及有关的一些概念和方法确能很好地反映对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化.     

南亚季风环流与臭氧时空分布变化关系的特征分析

利用2005年1月至2017年12月搭载在美国环境监测Aura卫星上的臭氧监测仪（Ozone Monitoring Instrument, OMI）数据和NCEP气象资料,在夏季风环流指数定义方法的基础上,重新定义了南亚区域冬季风环流指数,并分别计算了南亚夏季风和冬季风环流指数. 结合冬夏两季环流的强弱变化采用相关分析、合成分析和奇异值分解（Singular Value Decomposition, SVD）等方法,探讨了环流异常形势下臭氧的时空变化特征. 结果表明:①南亚夏季纬向环流与经向环流的强度变化存在一致性,冬季经向环流与纬向环流的强度变化差异较大. ②南亚臭氧柱总量的季节变化明显,且近13年来臭氧柱总量整体呈上升趋势. ③夏季（冬季）风环流指数与对流层中低（中高）层和平流层中低层臭氧的相关性显著,但夏季平流层和对流层的相关趋势相反. ④夏季风环流增强对应青藏高原?伊朗高原上空及南侧区域的上升运动增强,对臭氧的输送作用是造成对流层臭氧分布呈现差异的原因. ⑤冬季风环流强弱期的垂直上升和下沉运动中心的移动,以及南北向、东西向气流交汇区的差异是造成臭氧分布不同的原因.     

Ozone vertical variations during a typhoon derived from the OMI observations and reanalysis data

Typhoon is considered to play a key role in the dynamical exchange processes taking place between the troposphere and stratosphere. In this paper, the impact of typhoon on the ozone distribution in the upper troposphere and middle stratosphere is investigated using ozone profiles measured by Aura’s Ozone Monitoring Instrument and meteorological fields from reanalysis data. During the passage of Typhoon Hai-Tang in 2005 over the western North Pacific, low values of ozone column above 200 hPa and ozone mixing ratio between the upper troposphere and the middle stratosphere (from 200 to 50 hPa) are observed right above the typhoon’s track, a result due to the strong upward propagation of air associated with overshooting convection in typhoon. A comparative analysis of different stages of Hai-Tang suggests that in the region where typhoon has higher intensity the troposphere-to-stratosphere transport is enhanced. These results indicated that the typhoon has a significant impact on the ozone variation in the upper troposphere and the middle stratosphere.     

Thorpe分析法、垂直上升速度扰动法计算湍流参数的比较

 基于1998 年中国南海季风实验期间(5 月5-25 日,6 月5-25 日)科学#1 号考察船上的高分辨率气球探空数据,分别采用Thorpe 分析方法和利用气球垂直上升速度的扰动计算湍流参数的方法,计算对流层和低平流层湍动能耗散率ε和湍流扩散系数K。Thorpe 分析法是从温度的角度考虑,根据Thorpe 尺度L_T与湍流参数之间的关系计算湍流参数,而利用垂直上升速度的扰动计算湍流参数的方法是从速度的角度考虑,利用垂直上升速度的扰动σ_W与湍动能耗散率ε之间的关系计算湍流参数。通过对两种方法及其计算结果进行比较发现:在垂直结构方面,不论是月平均结果还是日平均结果,两种方法计算出的ε和湍流扩散系数K 均是在10 km 以上而在对流层顶以下较大,在对流层顶以上较小;两种方法计算出的K 的峰值高度均在15 km 左右;在数值范围方面,ε的取值均在10-6 ~10-2 m²·s^-3,K 的取值均在0~10 m²·s^-1,但是采用垂直上升速度的扰动计算湍流参数的方法求得的湍流参数小于Thorpe 分析方法得到的湍流参数;峰值高度方面,采用Thorpe 分析方法所得ε的峰值高度在15 km 左右,而采用垂直上升速度扰动方法所得ε的峰值高度在17 km 左右。