具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

转向压裂用暂堵剂研究进展与展望

我国低渗油气资源储量丰富,水力压裂是开采此类资源的重要措施。但随着生产进行,水力裂缝失效将导致油气产量下降,化学暂堵转向压裂是恢复和提高低渗透油气产量的重要方法之一。暂堵剂能够对高渗透层进行封堵,迫使压裂液转向,实现对剩余油聚集区的压裂改造。根据暂堵剂形态的不同将暂堵剂分为颗粒类暂堵剂、压裂暂堵球、纤维类暂堵剂及冻胶类暂堵剂,从封堵机理、优缺点及暂堵剂研发现状等方面对上述四类暂堵剂以及几种新型暂堵剂进行了综述,并对暂堵剂未来的发展方向进行了探讨。认为可降解水溶性暂堵剂是今后的主流发展趋势,根据地层情况选择多种类型暂堵剂实施复合暂堵有利于提升封堵效果,根据数值模拟结果来指导暂堵转向压裂施工参数的定量优化是亟待攻关的难题。     

改性脲醛树脂堵剂的制备研究

研制了一种改性脲醛树脂堵剂 .以聚丙烯酰胺为改性剂加入尿素、甲醛的反应体系中 ,经加成、缩合及缩聚反应生成具有一定弹性的脲醛树脂 .该树酯的制备反应受组分质量分数、反应温度、反应体系 p H值等的影响 ,在 2 5～ 80℃的条件下 ,反应时间为 1 .5～ 1 3.0 h,生成的改性脲醛树脂不溶于水 ,在盐水溶液中具有良好的稳定性 ,在碱性水溶液中易于解溶 .反应配制液黏度低 ,可注入油水井不均质储层的大孔道及高渗透带 ,在储层温度下生成树脂而起到调剖或封堵作用     

裂缝性低渗透油藏pH响应型聚合物驱油技术实验研究

针对裂缝性低渗油藏多发育微裂缝、非均质性严重、水窜严重,常规聚合物调驱技术难以发挥有效作用的难题,合成了一种具有pH响应型的聚合物,利用扫描电镜观测了其微观结构,并对其pH响应性、抗剪切性、流变性能、封堵性能进行了评价,最后利用驱油实验评价了其提高采收率能力.结果表明:该聚合物体系具有很强的pH响应特性及很好的耐温抗剪切性能,表现出“剪切变稀”的假塑性流体特性,其线网状聚集态也揭示了其pH响应机理.平均封堵率为87.97％,具有很强的选择性调剖性能,能大幅度提高低渗层的采收率.pH响应型聚合物深部调驱技术在裂缝性低渗透油田中可扩大注入水波及体积,大幅度提高油田采收率,具有较强适应性,对同类油藏增油控水具有一定借鉴作用.     

YH2000高强度复合型堵剂的研究及应用

针对中原油田地质情况复杂 ,油藏埋藏深 ,高温、高压低渗 ,温度与矿化度高 ,储层非均质性严重的特点 ,研制开发了 YH2 0 0 0高强度复合堵剂 ,该复合堵剂是把凝胶堵剂和树脂堵剂有机结合 ,现场工艺成功率和封堵成功率均达到了 1 0 0 % ,取得了明显的增油降水效果 ,该堵剂的研制成功 ,基本解决了中原油田高温、高压、低渗透油藏的堵水作业 .着重阐述了该堵剂的研究思路、室内筛选和评价方法以及现场应用情况 .     

抗温高强度交联堵漏配方研究与应用

为解决常规桥接堵漏材料滞留能力较差,堵漏成功率低的问题,研制出交联封堵剂ZNP。优选了高强度架桥材料、填充材料和纤维材料,按1/3/~2/3架桥理论确定不同材料的粒径范围,按SAN-2工程分布理论确定了各种粒径的体积配比,形成了抗温高强度交联堵漏配方;对其承压能力、抗返排能力进行了评价,并进行了现场应用。研制的交联封堵剂ZNP具有良好的配伍性和高温稳定性,可提高封堵材料与地层的胶结能力,优化的抗温高强度交联成膜堵漏浆可封堵1~5 mm宽的裂缝,抗压可达30 MPa以上,封堵层抗返排压力达4.6 MPa以上。在FX4、SHB1~(-1)等井应用12井次,一次性堵漏成功率100%。结果表明,抗温高强度交联堵漏配方具有良好的承压及抗返排能力,堵漏成功率高,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

可酸化凝固型堵漏技术在胜利油田车66区块的应用

介绍了可酸化凝固型堵漏剂的配方、室内评价、施工工艺和现场施工效果.结果表明,该堵漏剂注入漏层后具有凝固强度高、凝固强度可调、凝固后体积不缩小等特点;并易形成假塑性流体,滞流能力强,特别适合于高渗透及裂缝性地层的堵漏.该堵漏剂稠化快、固化慢、强度高、可酸化、封堵效果良好.胜利油田车66区块沙三中下、沙四段砂砾岩地层压力较高且孔隙大,在同一裸眼井段中地层压力系数不同,当使用高密度钻井液时密度窗口比较小,可能造成上漏下涌或漏涌同层的复杂情况.通过多元复合作用的屏蔽暂堵和可酸化堵漏技术,加入非渗透抗压处理剂提高地层承压能力,成功地解决了高渗透裂缝性地层的严重漏失问题,减少了井下复杂情况和事故的发生.     

碳酸盐岩油藏乳状液暂堵及暂堵后酸化实验研究

针对国外某油田高温高盐碳酸盐岩油藏油层厚度大、非均质性严重、酸化后易出现含水率上升的问题,开展了乳状液暂堵酸化技术研究。研制了烷基多烯多胺油溶表面活性剂NEWJ-18,可使柴油和高矿化度水在油水比1∶9~4∶6的范围内形成稳定的油包水乳状液。该乳状液遇酸易破乳,且具有油水比越低,乳状液黏度越高的特点。物理模拟实验表明,以油水比4∶6制备的乳状液具有选择性封堵高渗透层的能力,可使后续酸液转向低渗透层,从而改善低渗透层的酸化效果。     

适合海上B油田聚驱后非均相在线调驱性能评价

针对渤海B油田聚合物驱后储层非均质性增强,注水突进严重,产油量低等问题,通过室内实验评价研究,优选了两种非均相在线调驱体系FJX-1和FJX-2,开展了海上油田聚驱后,高含水期阶段非均相在线调剖、调驱性能评价及驱油效率分析。结果表明,聚合物与FJX-1、FJX-2在线调驱体系的封堵效率分别为61.42%、83.45%、93.17%,FJX-2调驱体系的复合黏度、弹性模量均好于聚合物和FJX-1调驱体系,表明其封堵性能与粘弹性能最好,对比液流转向能力,注入聚合物与FJX-1、FJX-2在线调驱体系后,高、低渗透率层的产液分数比分别从87:23、89:21、88:12下降到最低的61:39、48:52和35:65,在后续水驱中FJX-2在线调驱体系的岩心的高、低渗透率层的产液分数比依然可以达到66:34,FJX-2在线调驱体系对高渗透率层封堵效果明显。驱油实验可以看出,三种体系驱过程中最低含水率分别为：54.58、52.97、44.39。聚合物驱后继续FJX-1、FJX-2体系驱,可以提高采收率值分别为6.32%和11.84%,对比可知,最佳的调剖与调驱段塞组合为调剖(1500mg/L PL+1500mg/L JLJ)+调驱(1500mg/L RY+300mg/L PPG),非均相复合体系的调剖与调驱性能,通过对高渗透率层的有效封堵,不仅使中、低渗透率储层中的原油得到动用,同时对残留在储层内的部分原油也发挥了驱替效果。同时,矿场试验也表明,非均相复合驱在海上油田具有广阔的发展前景。     

SD选堵剂的应用研究

针对油田注水开发的中后期 ,油井含水率普遍升高 ,甚至水淹 ,严重影响油田生产 ,研制出 SD选堵剂 ,并进行了性能评价和室内模拟试验 ,结果表明 SD选堵剂具有好的油溶性 ,成胶时间和软化温度可调 ,堵水率达 98%以上 ,堵油率 1 0 %左右 ,封堵强度可达 1 5MPa/m以上 .现场应用表明 :该堵剂选堵效果明显 ,能起到好的增油降水作用     

凝胶型选择性堵水剂DQ-2的研制及应用

以改性聚丙烯酰胺为主要原料,配以交联剂和稳定剂,制得选择性堵水剂DQ-2.优选出选择性堵水剂DQ-2的最佳配方:0.6%改性聚丙烯酰胺+0.6%交联剂+0.03%稳定剂.采用瓶试法成胶实验和岩心流动实验评价了DQ-2体系的各项性能.实验结果表明:DQ-2堵水剂耐温30～70℃;抗矿化度性能良好,对K+和Na+的容忍度可以达到10 000 mg/kg,对Ca2+和Mg2+的容忍度可以达到5 000 mg/kg;对不同渗透率的岩心,堵水率达到90%,突破压力梯度大于10 MPa/m,堵油率小于30%,突破压力梯度低于1 MPa/m,具有较好的油水选择性.DQ-2体系的这些性能指标均达到了长庆油田现场应用的要求,实现了对水淹油井的有效治理,取得了较好的经济效益.