具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

基于分步有限元法的多级压裂过程中套管应力敏感性分析

目前中国四川地区页岩气开发大多采用大排量分段压裂工艺技术,部分页岩气井在施工过程中出现套管变形的现象,导致后续施工改造无法顺利进行,严重影响了页岩气井的正常生产。因此准确了解压裂过程中套管应力的变化规律具有重要意义。区别于传统模型,基于分步有限元方法,考虑了钻井、完井、压裂整个施工过程,构建了页岩各向异性下套管-水泥环-地层组合体有限元分析模型,模拟多级压裂过程中组合体应力以及温度场随时间的变化特征。分析了两种模型下注液温度、套管内压、地应力变化、地层孔隙压力变化、水泥环弹性模量以及地层弹性模量等因素对套管受力状态的影响。研究结果表明:(1)压裂过程中,采用传统模型会低估套管应力的增大程度;(2)大排量压裂施工过程中,井筒内温度震荡变化,注液温降导致套管应力明显升高;(3)地应力分均匀性以及孔隙压力的增大会导致套管应力有所增加;(4)页岩各向异性对套管应力的影响较小,其中地层性质的下降会导致套管损坏的几率增加。因此在今后的页岩气压裂改造过程中,有必要采用分步有限元模型,综合考虑这些影响因素,合理优化相关的压裂作业参数,从而确保后续压裂完井作业的正常进行。     

注蒸汽热采井套管损坏机理研究

考虑环空水泥环在轴向和径向给予套管柱的弹性约束和摩擦约束，对注汽期间套管柱产生的轴对称热胀应力进行了近似分析．分析发现，在封隔器附近靠近接箍端面的地方，套管柱可能产生严重的缩颈变形，其变形值和套管柱受热膨胀时接箍端面对水泥环台肩的推力有关系．研究结果表明，大部分注蒸汽热采井的套管损坏位置都集中于油藏盖层内，其原因是存在着和局部缩颈变形相对应的恶性局部应力，必须设法控制这种局部应力才能延长套管柱的使用寿命．     

波动压力约束条件下套管与井眼之间环空间隙的研究

利用一维不稳定流动的基本方程,对套管与井眼环空间隙不同时的波动压力进行了计算,绘出了环空间隙与最大井底波动压力之间的关系曲线。根据此曲线及地层破裂压力的最大极限值,可以确定某种尺寸套管与并眼之间间隙的最小值。研究结果表明,在套管与并眼间隙相同的条件下,套管尺寸越大,井底最大波动压力也越大。从控制井底最大波动压力的角度考虑,在确定套管与井眼之间的环空间隙时,大尺寸套管应采用较大的间隙。从波动压力因素方面考虑,由浅井条件所确定的套管与井眼之间的环空间隙同样适合于深井条件。     

基于应变的热采井套管设计方法

提出基于应变的热采井套管设计方法,确定基于应变的设计准则,通过建立三维弹塑性有限元模型,模拟分析热采井多轮次生产过程中应力和应变变化规律,并以胜利油田A井为例进行实例设计。结果表明,该设计方法密切结合热采井"注-焖-采"生产过程,可考虑多轮次循环温度载荷对套管的损伤程度,通过计算多轮次生产条件下套管上的累积塑性应变,依据热采井生产轮次要求及应变准则,科学灵活地设计套管,可以为热采井套管柱设计提供新思路。     

轴向载荷对套管螺纹连接应力的影响分析

针对深井和大位移井中套管存在很大的轴向拉伸和压缩载荷的情况,采用有限元方法对套管柱中最薄弱的螺纹接头部分进行了分析计算,研究了API长圆螺纹套管在轴向拉、压载荷作用下,螺牙面的接触压力和应力分布规律,结果表明:API长圆螺纹套管接头最大接触压力出现在公扣的根部,并且前4扣的接触压力和应力较大,最有可能发生粘扣和屈服破坏。对在深井、大位移井中正确选用API长圆螺纹套管,减少套管连接部位失效事故的发生具有重要意义。     

射孔参数对热采井套管抗热应力能力影响分析

热力采油使得套管承受较高水平的热应力,增加套管损坏风险,从而降低套管使用寿命。针对射孔参数对热采井射孔套管抗热应力能力的影响规律研究较少。利用有限元软件建立三维套管模型,结合基于应变的设计方法评价热采井射孔套管的抗热应力能力。结果表明,在安全内外压作用下,射孔排包含射孔数目较多且射孔直径较小的射孔参数可增强射孔套管的抗热应力能力;多轮次蒸汽吞吐过程对套管受热变形具有累加效应,保证强度安全前提下选择使得射孔排包含射孔数目较多的射孔参数组合可使得套管满足热应力安全性。研究结果从射孔参数对套管抗热应力能力的影响角度出发,为热采井实际射孔参数方案优选提供了参考。     

分段压裂过程中射孔段水泥环密封完整性的数值模拟

水平井射孔段井筒由于孔眼的存在,在分段压裂过程中应力集中现象极易加剧固井水泥环的破坏。此外,由于高压压裂液直接作用在水泥环孔眼壁面上,使其完整性在压裂过程中遭受的挑战更大。本文建立了热流固耦合数值模型旨在分析分段压裂过程中射孔段水泥环内部的温度与应力变化,研究了套管内压、压裂液排量、水泥弹性模量、孔径与孔密对于水泥环密封完整性的影响规律。计算结果表明,压裂过程中水泥环一界面、二界面以及孔眼处均会产生剪切破坏。考虑瞬态力热耦合作用时,水泥环孔眼处失封风险提高。压裂液排量、孔径与孔密对水泥环切向应力影响较小;套管内压与水泥环弹性模量的降低虽然可在一定程度降低剪切破坏系数,但难以避免射孔段水泥环压裂初期的剪切破坏。     

深水井环空圈闭压力管理方案研究

除油套环空外,深水油气井套管环空圈闭压力无法释放,易造成套管挤毁等事故发生,需对环空圈闭压力进行管理,保障油气井生产安全。计算深水井在温度差下的环空圈闭压力,优化分析适用于深水的环空圈闭压力防治方法,结合管柱强度校核标准,建立深水井套管柱强度校核方法,最终形成环空圈闭压力管理设计方法。对于深水油气井,适用的圈闭压力防治方法为A环空压力释放、通过地层进行压力释放和套管外安装可压缩泡沫;考虑环空圈闭压力时,套管柱强度优选应同时采用平衡法和非平衡法进行套管强度校核;综合考虑防治方法和油套管强度校核结果,最终确定A环空圈闭压力控制范围,深水井环空圈闭压力管理方案研究对深水油气井安全高效开发提供技术支持。     

辽河油田稠油井套管损坏原因的初步分析

注蒸汽开采稠油是当前应用最广泛、效益较高的稠油开采技术,但高温下套管的寿命是至关紧要的问题。文中收集了辽河油田194口损坏井的情况,分析了稠油热采井损坏的原因;并用套管试样,进行了井内温度的模拟试验研究,最后提出了综合防治套管损坏的建议。     

海上油气井油层套管井口装定载荷设计

综合考虑钻完井和投产采气过程未固井段套管强度和稳定性问题,提出一种海上油气井油层套管井口装定载荷设计方法,建立多层管柱耦合系统计算力学模型,确定钻完井过程套管轴向载荷计算方法,综合考虑温度场、压力场和压力端部效应给出投产采气后套管轴向载荷计算公式,并以中国南海某气田为例进行油层套管井口装定载荷设计。结果表明:套管强度不是限制海上油气井油层套管井口装定载荷设计的因素,投产采气过程底部油层套管的稳定性是油层套管井口装定载荷设计的重要因素;当设计极值产气量小于特定值时,油层套管井口装定载荷为油层套管未固井段重力,当设计极值产气量大于特定值时,随着设计极值产气量的增大,油层套管井口装定载荷增大,但增大的幅值逐渐减小。