具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

高温高压气井预应力固井技术研究及现场实验评价

随着石油天然气资源开采规模的增加,油气资源开采难度越来越大,深井、超深井、复杂井、高难度井数量不断增加,固井难度也不断增加,固井质量和井筒完整性面临严峻考验。预应力固井技术作为一项与材料力学相结合的前沿技术,通过先期采用不同的方法对套管周向施加一定的预应力,保证套管刚性的条件下发生弹性变形,外作用力消失后可有效降低水泥环与套管之间微环隙的产生。本文开展了预应力固井技术的研究和现场应用试验,形成了一套适合高压气井的预应力固井工艺技术,总结出预应力固井技术现场施工方案、技术措施,形成了一套预应力固井技术和配套的地面施工工艺措施,用以提高固井第一界面的胶结质量,减少气窜的可能性。     

页岩气井套管内压周期变化对水泥环密封失效的实验研究

压裂、回注、储气库注采等作业将造成套管内压的循环变化,最终导致水泥环的密封失效.针对前人套管内压循环变化造成水泥环密封失效破坏的实验研究并结合最新的实验结果,分析了是否考虑地层岩石约束两种井眼系统工况条件下的水泥环失效破坏方式.分析结果显示:未考虑地层岩石约束的实验易导致水泥环的周向拉伸破坏而产生径向裂纹;套管-水泥环界面过渡区的存在能降低水泥环的径向压应力和周向拉应力,从而降低水泥环产生拉伸破坏的风险;考虑地层岩石的约束时,水泥环内外界面受到套管和地层岩石的径向和周向约束,阻止了已经达到拉伸强度极限的水泥环发生拉伸破坏而产生径向裂纹的趋势;套管内压增大时,井下工况中水泥环主要发生塑性屈服破坏产生微环隙,基本不会发生周向拉伸破坏.研究成果可为固井优化设计提供参考.     

易坍塌地层椭圆形井眼内套管应力的有限元分析

根据多孔弹性理论 ,对易坍塌地层井壁围岩的应力分布进行了分析 ,得出了易坍塌地层的井眼为椭圆形的结论。针对易坍塌地层的特点 ,用有限元方法分析了套管在椭圆形水泥环条件下的应力分布。数值计算结果表明 ,在保证固井质量的前提下 ,椭圆形水泥环有利于改善易坍塌地层套管的应力状态 ,应该在设计中予以考虑。但是 ,扩大井眼尺寸会影响到固井质量 ,必须将井眼椭圆度控制在一定范围内     

水泥浆胶凝期间套管柱受力和形变规律

套管柱注水泥结束后 ,由于水化热的作用使水泥浆在胶凝过程中产生升温现象 ,并随之失重。温度、压力的共同作用会使套管柱发生很大的形变。随着水泥的固化 ,这种形变也会被固结在水泥封固段内 ,影响其使用性能。在调研大量资料的基础上 ,利用数值计算方法得到了水泥胶凝过程中温度变化的动态数据。对某油田实测数据进行了统计分析 ,得出了水泥浆失重时的压力计算公式。根据有限元理论 ,推导出套管段长度与温度、压力、水泥及套管表面剪切应力之间的关系式。在此基础上 ,计算得到了水泥浆胶凝过程中套管的动态变化。     

水力射孔对地层破裂压力的影响研究

水力射孔辅助定向压裂可有效提高低渗透油田压裂效率，明显改善压裂效果。建立了包含地层-水泥环-套管的水力射孔井的三维力学模型，运用有限元数值模拟方法结合弹性力学理论和岩石的破裂机理，分析了水力射孔参数对地层破裂压力的影响。研究结果表明，沿着最大水平地应力方向进行交错布孔、选择射孔密度为4m^-1、增加射孔深度可以有效降低地层破裂压力。研究结果可为水力射孔辅助定向压裂工艺提供参数优选的依据。     

一种新型绕煤层固井井下装置的研制

针对煤层气井常规套管完井时水泥浆污染煤层的问题,提出一套绕煤层固井技术方案,设计研制一种新型结构的绕煤层固井井下装置;测试整套装置的耐压性,计算水泥浆通过该装置时的局部流体压耗。测试及计算结果表明:该装置可承受28 MPa的管内压力,额外增加的循环压耗约为2.2 MPa,可以满足施工需要;下入套管时,把多组装置连接在套管串上对应煤层的位置,即可实现水泥浆仅封固非煤层段,避免水泥浆和煤层的接触,从而避免水泥浆对煤层的污染,为煤层气井及油气井低压层段提供一种新的完井手段。     

秦家屯油田油水井套损原因分析

随着秦家屯油田大面积开发,油水井套损的趋势逐渐加重,根据研究区15口套损井的情况,从区块分布、岩性、射孔、固井质量、腐蚀情况、注水开发等不同方面进行统计,找出相应的规律,结合秦家屯油田油藏开发概况,得出泥岩吸水膨胀、蠕变及滑动造成套管损坏是秦家屯油田套管损坏的主要原因;其它因素加剧了套管损坏的程度。套损原因的明确,为后期预防与治理套损井提供了基础。     

分段压裂过程中射孔段水泥环密封完整性的数值模拟

水平井射孔段井筒由于孔眼的存在,在分段压裂过程中应力集中现象极易加剧固井水泥环的破坏。此外,由于高压压裂液直接作用在水泥环孔眼壁面上,使其完整性在压裂过程中遭受的挑战更大。本文建立了热流固耦合数值模型旨在分析分段压裂过程中射孔段水泥环内部的温度与应力变化,研究了套管内压、压裂液排量、水泥弹性模量、孔径与孔密对于水泥环密封完整性的影响规律。计算结果表明,压裂过程中水泥环一界面、二界面以及孔眼处均会产生剪切破坏。考虑瞬态力热耦合作用时,水泥环孔眼处失封风险提高。压裂液排量、孔径与孔密对水泥环切向应力影响较小;套管内压与水泥环弹性模量的降低虽然可在一定程度降低剪切破坏系数,但难以避免射孔段水泥环压裂初期的剪切破坏。     

水平井大规模压裂固井水泥石性能设计方法

水平井大规模压裂对固井水泥石性能提出了更高的要求，不仅要求水泥石有一定的抗压强度，还需要具备一定变形能力。目前普遍采用的标准已不能满足水平井大规模压裂对水泥环密封性的要求。基于压裂工况条件下水泥环受力分析模型，综合考虑水泥环拉伸破坏和界面剥离破坏两种失效形式，提出了一种能满足大规模压裂密封要求的固井水泥石性能设计方法，建立了包含弹性模量、泊松比以及抗拉强度（或屈服强度）的固井水泥石性能指标控制图版，量化了水泥石的杨氏模量、泊松比、抗拉强度（或屈服强度）之间的关系。根据该指标控制图版进行水泥石性能设计，可以有效减少水泥环破坏的风险。建立了玛湖油田大规模压裂水平井固井指标控制图版，并根据该控制图版优选了弹韧性水泥浆体系，该体系现场应用10余口井，顺利完成了井口压力增量90 MPa的储层压裂改造，效果良好，达到了预期产量。     

固井封固系统初始作用力及其影响

结合建井过程和水泥浆的水化硬化过程对封固系统初始作用力进行分析。结果表明:固井作业完成时封固系统受到初始作用力的作用,初始作用力包括井眼附近地层承担的钻开井眼后重新分布的地应力、套管内部流体对套管的静液柱压力、一界面处水泥环对套管的挤压力及其反作用力、二界面处水泥环对地层的挤压力及其反作用力,作用在一界面处的初始作用力形成的初始应力稍小于地层孔隙压力;作用在二界面处的初始作用力形成的初始应力与地层孔隙压力相等;一、二界面处的初始作用力是水泥浆水化直至形成水泥石的过程中逐渐传递地层孔隙压力的结果。现场测量数据验证了一、二界面处初始作用力的存在。封固系统初始作用力的变化会对封固系统产生重要影响。