粗枝木麻黄(Casuarina glauca)小枝中缩合单宁提取条件的探讨

探讨了对粗枝木麻黄(Casuarinaglauca)小枝多酚(Polyphenols)和缩合单宁(Condensedtannins)的适合提取条件.为确保样品中的多酚和缩合单宁的含量不被低估,含有1.0%HCl的7:3的丙酮水提取液是合适的提取溶剂.它能抑制以共价键结合的蛋白质和纤维素结合态的缩合单宁在样品处理过程中形成和在此酸性条件下对形成的复合物有一定的溶解,能提取出最大量的可溶态的多酚和缩合单宁.同时通过3次以上的提取,样品颗粒大小对可溶性多酚和缩合单宁的影响不显著,但是在全部过100目筛的样品研磨处理下能最多地将结合态的缩合单宁转化为可溶态.     

广西不同林龄和区域马尾松人工林的土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

为探明广西马尾松Pinus massoniana人工林土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征,揭示马尾松人工林土壤养分平衡机理及其时空动态变化,为马尾松人工林可持续经营提供理论依据,研究以广西4个典型区域马尾松人工林为对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,比较不同区域各林龄土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量及其化学计量比的变化规律。结果表明：SOC、TN和C/N的变异系数较小,分别为21%、27%和22%,属弱变异,在不同林龄和区域中其值比较稳定。林龄、区域及其交互作用对SOC、TN、TP、C/P、N/P的变化均有显著影响(P<0.05)。SOC、TN含量呈波动性变化,在成熟林阶段最低;SOC含量在幼龄林阶段最高,TN含量在近熟林阶段最高。土壤TP含量在中龄林阶段最低,且随林龄增加呈先减少后增加的趋势。土壤C/N、C/P、N/P平均值均在成熟林中最高,且显著高于近熟林和过熟林(P<0.05);土壤C/P、N/P平均值随林龄增加呈先减少后增加再减少的趋势。华山地区SOC、TN和TP含量最低,而土壤C/N、C/P、N/P平均值最高。天洪岭地区土壤C/N平均值最低...     

秋茄(Kandelia candel)胚轴阴干过程中单宁的动态变化

对红树植物秋茄(Kandeliacandel)成熟胚轴进行30d阴干处理,每隔3d测定含水量、总多酚、可溶性缩合单宁、蛋白质结合缩合单宁和纤维素结合单宁.探讨了缩合单宁与蛋白质,纤维素结合的动态变化.结果表明:1)胚轴含水量由最初的60.36%以线性模式减少到45.38%,保水抗旱能力较强;2)干旱处理过程中的繁殖体的总多酚的含量在12.13%～15.49%之间,变化不显著,这与叶片等凋落物酚类物质迅速被淋溶、氧化和分解不同,酚类物质在完整的有生活力的胚轴中得以保存,可溶性缩合单宁因为与蛋白质及纤维素结合,转化为结合的缩合单宁;3)与蛋白质结合的单宁在阴干处理18d后迅速增加,活的植物组织具有某种机制阻止单宁与蛋白质结合,随着胚轴的失活,这种机制也逐渐解除.纤维素结合的缩合单宁变化与蛋白质结合的缩合单宁大致相同.     

Tannins from Canarium album with potent antioxidant activity

The contents of total phenolics and extractable condensed tannins in the leaves, twigs and stem bark of Canarium album were determined. The structural heterogeneity of condensed tannins from stem bark was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS） and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） analyses The results show the predominance of signals representative of procyanidins and prodelphinidins. In addition, epicatechin and epigallocatechin polymers with galloylated procyanidin or prodelphinidin were also observed. The tannins were screened for their potential antioxidant activities using l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） and ferric reducing/antioxidant power （FRAP） model systems. Tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark all showed a very good DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power.     

盾叶薯蓣主要营养元素含量及其动态的研究

通过对盾叶薯蓣不同发育时期(花前、花期及花后)、不同叶片( 功能叶和幼叶)的 N, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg等营养元素含量的测定分析,揭示了盾叶薯蓣营养元素的分布及动态规律.结果表明所测营养元素的动态变化可分为4种类型. a. 功能叶的 Zn, Cu 的含量,功能叶和幼叶的Mg和P含量从花前、花期至花后逐渐减少; b. 幼叶的 Zn 含量, 功能叶和幼叶的Fe, K 含量,幼叶的Mn 含量,表现出花前最高、 花后次之、 花期最少的动态; c. 幼叶的Cu 含量及功能叶的Mn 含量表现出在花后最高、 花前次之、 花期最低的变化规律; d. N 的含量, 无论在功能叶、 还是在幼叶中,都是花期最高、 花前次之、花后最低.营养元素的动态变化可作为植物对营养需求的指标,可作为在不同阶段确定施肥量的依据.     

桉树抗桉树枝瘿姬小蜂理化因子的多元回归分析

【目的】通过对桉树抗桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa)相关的多个理化指标进行多元回归分析,确定与抗虫性最紧密关联的关键因子,为筛选抗虫桉树品系提供理论指导。【方法】首先比较了窿缘桉Eucalyptus exserta(EA)、巨圆桉Eucalyptus grandis×Eucalyptus tereticornis(DH201-2)和巨尾桉Eucalyptus grandis×Eucalyptus urophylla(G9)3个桉树品系对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的抗性强弱,同时测定了桉树品系间叶片含水率、叶片厚度、比叶面积(Specific leaf area,SLA)、叶片C含量、N含量、C/N比、总酚、缩合单宁等8个理化指标,最后通过多元逐步回归分析筛选出与抗虫性紧密关联的理化因子,并建立回归方程。【结果】桉树枝瘿姬小蜂不能在G9上产生虫瘿,在DH201-2上的样枝平均虫瘿数显著高于EA。3个桉树品系叶片厚度间无显著差异;DH201-2叶片含水率显著高于EA和G9;N含量表现为DH201-2EAG9;G9叶片C含量、总酚和缩合单宁含量显著高于EA和DH201-2。通过多元逐步回归分析,最终进入模型的是缩合单宁(X_2)和C含量(X_3);建立了以抗性得分为因变量(Y),缩合单宁含量(X_2)、C含量(X_3)为自变量的回归方程:Y=-20.671+2.095X_2+0.433X_3(复相关系数R=0.770,校正相关指数R~2=0.578,显著水平P0.001)。【结论】缩合单宁和C含量是影响桉树对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂抗性强弱的关键因子,且两个因子与抗虫性正相关;所建立的回归方程可以很好地预测桉树抗虫性与两个化学指标间的相关关系,为今后选育桉树抗虫优良品系提供理论依据。     

Integration of mitochondrial gene sequences within the nuclear genome during senescence in a fungus

Cellular senescence in the ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina is associated with the appearance of an altered mitochondrial genome. Discrete mitochondrial DNA sequences are excised and amplified and isolated as multimerically arranged, head-to-tail repetitions. We have referred to the most frequently observed excision/amplification product as alpha-event senDNA. It is a 2.6-kilobase pair (kbp) monomeric unit (see refs 1, 3, 7) and is often found in senescent mitochondria in conjunction with other excision products. At the final stage of senescence these plasmids constitute virtually all of the DNA present in senescent mitochondria; they have replicated to high copy number at the expense of the young native genome. Because P. anserina is characterized by race-specific timing of senescence (that is, a programme of senescence), we have begun to contrast rapidly and slowly senescing races in terms of senDNA. Here we present evidence that young mitochondria of the rapidly senescing race, A+, possess an extremely high copy number of alpha-event senDNA plasmid in contrast to the more slowly senescing races s+ or s-. Moreover, we observe that during senescence the alpha-event senDNA and the beta-event senDNA (a 9.8-kbp monomer) are transposed to the nucleus and integrated into nuclear DNA. These plasmids contain the coding information for subunits I and III (respectively) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. This constitutes the first clear evidence for the active mobilization of genetic elements from the mitochondrion to the nucleus.     

Programmed cell death during terminal bud senescence in a sympodial branching tree, Eucommia ulmoides

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is a typical sympodial branching tree. The apical bud of the branch ages and dies every year, replaced by the nearby axillary bud in the second year. Structural assays and a series of biochemical analyses were performed to analyze the senescence mechanism in the apical bud. It was revealed that most cells of the apical bud underwent the programmed cell death (PCD) during the senescence: the chromosomes were congregated and the nuclear contents were condensed, as shown by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence. DNA fragmentation was detected during senescence using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end in situ labeling (TUNEL) method, coincident with the appearance of a DNA ladder. Moreover, a 20 kD DNase related to fragmentation was found. PCD was initiated first in the young leaves, leaf primordia and peripheral zone cells, then in the central mother cells and initial layer cells in the apical meristem. The terminal buds remain in vegetative growth during senescence, in contrast to buds of many annual plants.     

Advanced primary peritoneal carcinoma: clinicopathological and prognostic factor analyses

Objective： To investigate the factors favoring a positive prognosis for advanced primary peritoneal carcinoma （PPC）. Methods： Twenty-four cases meeting the criteria for PPC were analyzed retrospectively for the clinicopathologic profiles. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expressions of p53, Top2α, Ki-67 and Her-2/neu. Then all these clinicopathological factors and molecular markers were correlated with the prognosis. Results： There were 15 cases of primary peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma （PPSPC）, 6 cases of mixed epithelial carcinoma （MEC） and 3 cases of malignant mixed Mullerian tumor （MMMT）. All patients underwent cytoreductive surgery with optimal debulking achieved in 3 cases. Among those receiving first-line chemotherapy, 13 patients received the TP regimen （paclitaxel-cisplatin or carboplatin） and 7 patients received the PAC regimen （cisplatin-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide）. The median overall survival of all patients was 42 months, while the breakdown for survival time for patients with PPSPC, MMT and MEC was 44, 13 and 19 months, respectively. The expressions of p53, Top2α and Ki-67 were all demonstrated in 11 cases respectively. None showed the expression of Her-2/neu. There were significant differences in the median survival between patients with PPSPC and those with MMMT （44 months vs 13 months, P〈0.05）, also between patients receiving TP combination and those receiving the PAC regimen （75 months vs 28 months, P〈0.05）. Another significant difference in the median progression-free survival （PFS） was identified between patients with positive p53 immunostaining and those with negative p53 immunostaining （15 months vs 47 months, P〈0.05）, whereas age, menopausal status, residual tumor size and the other molecular factors did not significantly impact survival. Conclusion： Patients with PPC should be treated with a comprehensive management plan including appropriate cytoreductive surgery and responsive chemotherapy. Overestimating an o     

鸡血藤提取物中缩合鞣质的含量测定及其抗肿瘤活性初步研究

 对鸡血藤/φ=60%醇提物及不同极性溶剂萃取物中总黄酮和缩合鞣质含量进行测定,并测定它们对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制活性。采用紫外分光光度法测定各样品中总黄酮含量;采用香草醛硫酸法测定各样品中缩合鞣质含量,结果显示,鸡血藤/φ=60%醇提物、乙酸乙酯不溶物、乙酸乙酯萃取物、正丁醇萃取物、水层留余物的总黄酮含量分别为（6.49±1.99）%、（7.36±0.13）%、（9.35±0.22）%、（8.41±0.27）%、（4.48±1.53）%;〖JP〗缩合鞣质含量分别为（5109±0.37）%、（52.34±4.73）%、（73.22±2.72）%、（83.11±5.87）%、（29.74±2.12）%。采用MTT法测定各样品对乳腺癌MCF-7和结肠癌HT-29细胞增殖的抑制活性,结果不同样品对HT-29和MCF-7细胞增殖表现出不同程度的抑制活性,其中正丁醇萃取物对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制活性最强。     

Senescence surveillance of pre-malignant hepatocytes limits liver cancer development

Upon the aberrant activation of oncogenes, normal cells can enter the cellular senescence program, a state of stable cell-cycle arrest, which represents an important barrier against tumour development in vivo. Senescent cells communicate with their environment by secreting various cytokines and growth factors, and it was reported that this 'secretory phenotype' can have pro- as well as anti-tumorigenic effects. Here we show that oncogene-induced senescence occurs in otherwise normal murine hepatocytes in vivo. Pre-malignant senescent hepatocytes secrete chemo- and cytokines and are subject to immune-mediated clearance (designated as 'senescence surveillance'), which depends on an intact CD4(+) T-cell-mediated adaptive immune response. Impaired immune surveillance of pre-malignant senescent hepatocytes results in the development of murine hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), thus showing that senescence surveillance is important for tumour suppression in vivo. In accordance with these observations, ras-specific Th1 lymphocytes could be detected in mice, in which oncogene-induced senescence had been triggered by hepatic expression of Nras(G12V). We also found that CD4(+) T cells require monocytes/macrophages to execute the clearance of senescent hepatocytes. Our study indicates that senescence surveillance represents an important extrinsic component of the senescence anti-tumour barrier, and illustrates how the cellular senescence program is involved in tumour immune surveillance by mounting specific immune responses against antigens expressed in pre-malignant senescent cells.     

黑荆树皮中缩合单宁的提取

采用微波法、超声波法和高压蒸煮法从黑荆树皮中提取缩合单宁,探索了它们的最佳提取工艺条件,并对这些提取方法进行了比较.实验发现微波法是提取缩合单宁的最佳方法.用IR、UV、TG-DTA分析和XRD分析对微波法在最佳条件下提取的缩合单宁进行了表征.     

海南岛西部不同林龄橡胶林土壤养分特征

为研究热带人工林巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)生态系统不同林龄土壤养分的特征,对热带地区种植橡胶及其更新进行了生态效益评估,并研究了海南儋州地区幼林早期(2龄)、幼林晚期(7龄)、开割树(16龄)和老龄即将更新树(30龄)4种不同林龄的橡胶林土壤养分含量的分布特征,结果如下:(1)不同林龄橡胶林胶园...     

Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders

Advanced age is the main risk factor for most chronic diseases and functional deficits in humans, but the fundamental mechanisms that drive ageing remain largely unknown, impeding the development of interventions that might delay or prevent age-related disorders and maximize healthy lifespan. Cellular senescence, which halts the proliferation of damaged or dysfunctional cells, is an important mechanism to constrain the malignant progression of tumour cells. Senescent cells accumulate in various tissues and organs with ageing and have been hypothesized to disrupt tissue structure and function because of the components they secrete. However, whether senescent cells are causally implicated in age-related dysfunction and whether their removal is beneficial has remained unknown. To address these fundamental questions, we made use of a biomarker for senescence, p16(Ink4a), to design a novel transgene, INK-ATTAC, for inducible elimination of p16(Ink4a)-positive senescent cells upon administration of a drug. Here we show that in the BubR1 progeroid mouse background, INK-ATTAC removes p16(Ink4a)-positive senescent cells upon drug treatment. In tissues--such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and eye--in which p16(Ink4a) contributes to the acquisition of age-related pathologies, life-long removal of p16(Ink4a)-expressing cells delayed onset of these phenotypes. Furthermore, late-life clearance attenuated progression of already established age-related disorders. These data indicate that cellular senescence is causally implicated in generating age-related phenotypes and that removal of senescent cells can prevent or delay tissue dysfunction and extend healthspan.     

云南箭竹叶片对长期高温环境的适应性生理变化

通过对温室环境下培育6 a的云南箭竹与野外生长的云南箭竹的生理指标进行对比试验。结果表明:温室内高温环境条件下云南箭竹嫩叶、成熟叶、衰老叶的叶绿素a(Chl a)与叶绿素b(Chl b)含量均比野外条件下的高,但Chl a/b的比值却低于野外环境; 温室内云南箭竹竹叶中嫩叶、成熟叶的类胡萝卜素含量均高于野外云南箭竹竹叶中嫩叶、成熟叶的,但衰老叶中的类胡萝卜素含量情况却相反; 温室内成熟叶片及衰老叶片的可溶性糖含量比野外条件的高,除幼嫩叶片外,温室内成熟及衰老叶片超氧化物歧化酶的活性均比野外条件的低,而温室条件下成熟叶片过氧化氢酶活性比野外叶片的高; 除衰老叶片之外,温室内嫩叶与成熟叶中的丙二醛含量均比野外叶片的高。可见云南箭竹作为高山竹种尽管在温室中生长较长的时间,但依旧不能完全适应高温环境。     

Normal human mammary epithelial cells spontaneously escape senescence and acquire genomic changes

Senescence and genomic integrity are thought to be important barriers in the development of malignant lesions. Human fibroblasts undergo a limited number of cell divisions before entering an irreversible arrest, called senescence. Here we show that human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) do not conform to this paradigm of senescence. In contrast to fibroblasts, HMECs exhibit an initial growth phase that is followed by a transient growth plateau (termed selection or M0; refs 3-5), from which proliferative cells emerge to undergo further population doublings (approximately 20-70), before entering a second growth plateau (previously termed senescence or M1; refs 4-6). We find that the first growth plateau exhibits characteristics of senescence but is not an insurmountable barrier to further growth. HMECs emerge from senescence, exhibit eroding telomeric sequences and ultimately enter telomere-based crisis to generate the types of chromosomal abnormalities seen in the earliest lesions of breast cancer. Growth past senescent barriers may be a pivotal event in the earliest steps of carcinogenesis, providing many genetic changes that predicate oncogenic evolution. The differences between epithelial cells and fibroblasts provide new insights into the mechanistic basis of neoplastic transformation.     

天童植被演替过程中环境因子对土壤动物群落的影响

天童常绿阔叶林演替过程中,凋落物质量的变化是影响土壤动物群落的主要因子.凋落物层土壤动物群落总密度与凋落物C/N之间存在显著负相关（r=-0.681, P<0.001）,与总磷含量存在显著正相关(r=0.762, P<0.001), 但类群总数与各养分含量之间均无明显相关性;0~15cm土层中土壤动物群落总密度与土壤有机质（r=0.457, P<0.05）、总氮（r=0.463, P<0.05）和总磷（r=0.564, P<0.01）间均存在显著正相关,类群总数与总氮（r=0.528, P<0.01）和总磷(r=0.632, P<0.001)显著正相关.主要土壤动物类群密度与各养分含量之间的相关性不同：凋落物中螨和跳虫与凋落物总氮、总磷含量呈极显著正相关, 而土层中的跳虫却与土壤各养分含量间表现出不明显的负相关,螨与土壤总氮、总磷含量呈显著正相关;膜翅类与凋落物和土壤总磷含量均呈显著正相关;凋落物层综合类、土层线虫、线蚓和鞘翅类分别与凋落物和土壤各养分含量间呈显著正相关.     

CO2共聚物离聚物的合成

分别合成了支链型含阴离子和嵌段型含阳离子CO2共聚物,采用聚碳酸亚丙酯和含季铵离子的低聚物经异氰酸酯类物质扩链合成了嵌段型含季铵离子的CO2共聚物,通过改变PPC与QPECH的摩尔比或采用不同分子量的PPC进行扩链,合成了不同离子含量和不同离子分布的含季铵离子的CO2共聚物;采用含双键的CO2三元共聚物,通过接枝丙烯酸的办法引入了羧基,结果表明,接枝共聚物的溶解性多种因素影响,且本文对各种影响因素进行了考察并取得较好结果,并通过元素分析、滴定分析及^1HNMR、IR等对离聚物进行了表征。     

草海表层沉积物有机碳、氮、磷分布特征及污染评价

本文以浅水型湖泊草海为研究对象,系统地研究了营养盐在草海湿地沉积物中的分布规律和来源,并采用单因子指数法对沉积物中TOC、TN和TP的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:草海表层沉积物的TOC、TN含量普遍较高,且具有显著的同源相关性;TP含量相对较低,且与TN不同源。E区及近岸区域沉积物中TOC、TN和TP的陆源污染相对较重。草海沉积物TOC和TN含量足以造成严重的生态毒性效应;而TP对环境产生的危害较小。草海各采样区表层沉积物TOC和TN的污染程度为S区>N区>E区,TP的污染程度为E区>S区>N区。     

高粱叶中有机渗透调节物质对NaCl胁迫的响应

用抗盐品种独角虎和盐敏感品种糖高粱为材料,研究了ＮａＣｌ胁迫下成熟叶和生长吸及其叶鞘有机渗透调节含变化。