新型高锰奥氏体合金耐液锌的腐蚀机理

对自制的一种新型高锰奥氏体耐液锌腐蚀合金在490 ℃的熔融纯锌液中的腐蚀行为进行了系统的研究,并探讨了其耐液锌腐蚀机理. 结果表明,与316 L不锈钢相比,新型高锰奥氏体合金具有更好的耐液锌蚀能力,其腐蚀速率为6.42×10-4 g·cm-2·h-1,而316 L不锈钢的腐蚀速率为1.54×10-3 g·cm-2·h-1. 新型高锰奥氏体合金在锌液中的最终腐蚀产物为Γ相+δ相+ζ相,而316 L不锈钢的腐蚀产物几乎全是ζ相. 新型高锰奥氏体合金的腐蚀产物中δ相固溶了质量分数在8.5%左右的Cr,Cr的存在使得δ相稳定性增加,致密的富含Cr的δ相的存在减缓了铁、锌反应速率,提高了新型高锰奥氏体合金的耐液锌腐蚀能力. 因此,以锰代镍来制取低成本的新型高锰奥氏体耐液锌腐蚀合金具有可行性.     

等离子熔覆镍基合金的组织及其冲蚀磨损性能

为提高不锈钢材料的耐冲蚀磨损性能,以Ni46合金粉末为原料, 采用等离子熔覆工艺在不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti基材上制备镍基合金涂层,分析了熔覆层的显微组织以及物相形貌和相结构等,测定了涂层的显微硬度. 使用旋转圆盘实验机研究了Ni基等离子熔覆合金涂层在砂浆中的冲蚀行为. 结果表明: 材料的冲蚀磨损性能受到材料基本力学性能的限制,高硬度镍基涂层的抗冲蚀性能最好,在相同实验条件下其磨损率由小到大排列顺序为镍基涂层＞0Cr13Ni5Mo＞1Cr18Ni9Ti;镍合金层中奥氏体基体的固溶强化和硬质相有效抵御砂砾的冲击,是Ni基等离子熔覆合金层具有高抗冲蚀性能的主要原因.     

铬,硅含量对镍基高温合金组织及耐蚀性的影响

设计开发了四种不同成分的镍基合金，通过扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）、能谱分析（ＥＤＳ）和Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）相结合的综合分析手段，研究了Ｃｒ、Ｓｉ含量对试验材料组织和相组成的影响。结果表明，当Ｃｒ、Ｓｉ含量适宜时，合金可实现碳化物、硼化物和硅化物的复合强化，使合金中长二相数量多、分布均匀、硬度高、耐熔盐腐蚀能力强。在８５０℃以下可替代钴基合金，有广阔的应用前景。     

钴基合金在液锌中的腐蚀磨损性能

通过对几种钴基合金进行静态腐蚀、力学性能测试和腐蚀磨损试验,对其耐液锌磨蚀机理进行探究．试验结果表明,材料的韧性增加有助于提高其耐磨性．合金中的Si对材料的微观结构、机械性能及耐锌液腐蚀有很大影响．随着Si含量的增加,合金由亚共晶转变为过共晶,先析出相由钴基固溶体变为树枝状的Laves相．合金的塑性降低,脆性升高,但耐液锌腐蚀性能提高．在液锌中,过共晶钴基合金的磨蚀性能比亚共晶钴基合金要好,干磨损时结果恰好相反．钴基合金的磨蚀机制主要是材料的塑性变形、脆性断裂和磨粒磨损．     

铬、硅含量对镍基高温合金组织及耐蚀性的影响

设计开发了四种不同成分的镍基合金 ,通过扫描电镜 (SEM)、能谱分析 (EDS)和X射线衍射 (XRD)相结合的综合分析手段 ,研究了Cr、Si含量对试验材料组织和相组成的影响 .结果表明 ,当Cr、Si含量适宜时 ,合金可实现碳化物、硼化物和硅化物的复合强化 ,使合金中第二相数量多、分布均匀、硬度高、耐熔盐腐蚀能力强 .在 850℃以下可替代钴基合金 ,有广阔的应用前景     

镍奥氏体铸铁耐腐蚀及磨损行为

针对高镍奥氏体铸铁成本高的特点,拟通过用价格低廉的锰代替价格昂贵的镍,并调整Cu,Cr和Si等元素含量,制备低镍奥氏体铸铁。研究镍铸铁在5%(质量分数)HCl溶液中的腐蚀行为和在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为及在干摩擦条件下的耐磨损性能。研究结果表明:在5%HCl溶液中,低镍铸铁耐腐蚀性能与高镍铸铁的耐腐蚀性能相当;同时,所有镍铸铁试样在3.5%NaCl盐溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为都出现了氧扩散的平台,并且自腐蚀电流密度与自腐蚀电位随着Ni,Cr和Cu含量的降低而不同程度地增加;在干摩擦条件下,低镍铸铁的耐磨损性能接近或高于高镍铸铁的耐磨损性能,其主要的磨损机制是黏着磨损,同时还存在疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损。     

Ca对医用Mg-4Zn合金轧制板材组织与性能的影响

采用金相分析、扫描电镜分析和拉伸测试等手段研究了Ca含量(质量分数0.3%,0.6%和0.9%)对高应变速率轧制Mg-4Zn基合金板材显微组织、力学性能和耐生体腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:加入Ca可以细化Mg-4Zn合金的动态再结晶晶粒,导致合金中残余第2相的含量增加和尺寸增大,并提高其抗拉强度和屈服强度.其中,Mg-4Zn-0.9Ca合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为300 MPa和278 MPa,比基体合金分别提高了12.4%和68.5%.然而,合金的耐腐蚀性能和剩余抗拉强度随着Ca含量的增加而下降,可归因于合金中残余第2相含量的增加以及尺寸增大.Mg-4Zn合金板材中第2相比较细小、分布均匀,倾向于均匀腐蚀,在0.9%NaCl溶液中浸泡7d的平均腐蚀速率为0.80mg/(cm~2·d),浸泡7d,15d后的剩余抗拉强度分别为217 MPa和205 MPa.     

镍基合金镀层在北方老工业城市冬季降水中的腐蚀行为

为研究镍基合金镀层在北方老工业城市冬季降水中的腐蚀行为,采用电沉积技术制备了Ni--P、Ni--Fe合金镀层,对其结构与耐蚀性能进行检测.结果表明:不同镍基合金镀层在冬季降水中耐蚀性能不同,其中Ni--Fe合金镀层由于Fe掺杂增加了镍基合金与氧的亲和力,可以快速在Ni--Fe合金镀层表面形成一层连续的氧化膜,对基体起到很好的防护作用,电位最正,自腐蚀电流密度值最小,耐蚀性较好,年腐蚀速率约为20号钢的1/2;而Ni--P合金镀层表面形成氧化膜的速率较缓慢,阻抗值较低,不适合在北方老工业城市的室外装饰与防护中应用.     

船舶海水泵用材料——镍铝青铜性能的研究

本文介绍了海水泵用材料镍铝青铜的主要性能,并与普通铝青铜的性能进行了比较.重点讨论了合金元素对镍铝青铜材料的腐蚀性能、金相组织和铸造工艺性能的影响,提出了改进铸造镍铝青铜腐蚀性能及铸造工艺性能的几点建议.     

Cu基合金的高温化学稳定性研究现状

随着现代科学技术的快速发展,对金属材料高温服役性能的要求也越来越高,不仅要有良好的机械性能,同时还要具有较高的化学稳定性即抗高温氧化能力。实际上金属的高温氧化是一极其复杂的过程,影响这一过程的因素很多,而高温腐蚀研究又在能源、动力和石油化工等工业发展中具有重要的作用。综述了目前国内外有关Cu基合金高温氧化行为研究的现状,分析了纯金属Cu、二元单相和双相Cu基合金以及三元Cu基合金的高温氧化机制,比较了它们高温氧化行为的差异,探讨了组元间固溶度、相的组成以及添加组元等因素对合金表面形成规则、连续致密且具有保护性外氧化膜的影响机制,这些对于进一步研究合金高温氧化机理,寻找更加完善的防护措施以及发展新型耐高温材料等方面都具有重要的意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that