MD膜驱剂与烷基季铵盐复配改性黏土防膨性能研究

以一种二价季铵盐(MD膜驱剂)与四乙基溴化铵[(Et)4NBr]、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的复配溶液为改性剂,考察改性膨润土的膨胀性以及复配体系中不同烷基季铵盐在改性膨润土层间的吸附量.对改性膨润土用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外(FT-IR)和热重(TG)分析表征.结果表明:与MD膜驱剂单独改性膨润土相比,不同复配体系进入膨润土层间,使得层间距降低,有较好的防膨作用.相同浓度时,膨润土对(Et)4NBr或MD膜驱剂的摩尔吸附量低于DTAB或CTAB,且膨润土对MD膜驱剂与DTAB、CTAB复配溶液的吸附量大于对MD膜驱剂单独改性的吸附量.     

不同烷基季铵盐对膨润土絮凝性的影响

以四乙基溴化铵((Et)4NB)、一种二价季铵盐(MD膜驱剂)、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为改性溶剂,考察改性膨润土的分散、絮凝作用和层间含水量,对膨润土用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外(FT-IR)和分光光度计等分析表征.结果表明,烷基季铵盐已进入膨润土晶层之间,使膨润土层间含水量降低,而MD膜驱剂改性膨润土含水量最小.烷基季铵盐在高浓度下对膨润土都有一定的絮凝性,膨润土的沉降体积随季铵盐浓度增大出现一个极大值.与(Et)4NB,DTAB和CTAB相比,MD膜驱剂在较低浓度下对膨润土就有较好的絮凝性.膨润土在MD膜驱剂或DTAB溶液中沉降平衡时间较(Et)4NB或CTAB的短.     

KH550改性膨润土对苯酚的吸附性能

为了提高膨润土对苯酚的吸附性能,以硅烷偶联剂KH550为改性剂,采用共沉淀法制备KH550改性膨润土。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X线衍射仪(XRD)、N_2吸附-脱附仪和热分析仪(TG)对样品性能进行表征,利用静态批处理方式研究KH550改性膨润土对苯酚的吸附作用。结果表明:改性后的土层片大小均匀,片层有褶皱、堆叠,可增加苯酚在单位体积吸附剂中的吸附位点;KH550接枝到膨润土的表面和层间,可增加层间距;改性膨润土具有微孔和介孔结构,KH550进入膨润土层间,可增大孔容,为苯酚进入膨润土层间提供空间;改性膨润土具有较好的热稳定性,为吸附剂热脱附再生提供有利条件。在苯酚初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、改性膨润土投加量为3 g/L、pH=7、温度为30℃、吸附时间为60 min时,改性膨润土的吸附量达到25.0 mg/g。改性膨润土对苯酚的吸附符合拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,改性膨润土吸附苯酚为放热、熵减过程。     

表面活性剂改性膨润土固定化脂肪酶的初步研究

表面活性剂改性载体影响酶的催化活性,为此,考察了复合表面活性剂改性膨润土对固定化酶特性的影响,以阳—阳离子表面活性剂、阳—阴离子表面活性剂、阳—非离子表面活性剂分别对钠基膨润土(Na-Bent)进行改性,通过吸附法对褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶(Candida rugosa lipase,CRL)进行固定化,制备复合表面活性剂改性膨润土固定化酶。以橄榄油水解反应表征酶活性,对比不同的复合离子表面活性剂改性膨润土固定化CRL酶的结果发现,由十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和曲拉通100(TX100)复合离子表面活性剂改性膨润土制备的固定化酶(CTAB/TX100-Bent-CRL)的比活回收率可达到292. 8%,相较于游离酶CRL,其催化活性得到改善。催化特性研究表明:CTAB/TX100-Bent-CRL的最适反应温度和p H值分别为40℃和7. 0,与游离酶ORL相比,固定化酶的耐受性和储藏稳定性均得到改善,在温度为20℃～60℃、p H 5. 0～9. 0范围内均能发挥较好的催化性能。在温度为60℃的反应条件下,CTAB/TX100-Bent-CRL仍能保持最适温度条件下活力的89. 0%。在4℃下储藏15 d后,固定化酶仍能保持初始活力的59. 7%,而Na-Bent-CRL和游离酶CRL的残留活力分别为45. 7%和33. 3%。     

改性膨润土的制备与表征

为了提高膨润土的层间距和疏水性,用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对膨润土进行了改性,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)技术和热分析(DSC)对改性土进行了结构表征,结果表明:改性后,膨润土的底面层间距由1.244 3 nm增加到1.996 8 nm;改性土在2 912 cm-1和2 840 cm-1附近出现了明显的甲基、亚甲基和次甲基的对称和不对称伸缩振动吸收峰,在1 498 cm-1附近出现了N+-CH3中C-H 对称弯曲吸收峰;改性膨润土在300～600℃间有明显吸热峰,是由于CTMAB有机链逐步分解所致,说明CTMAB已经成功插入膨润土层间,且常温下性质稳定.     

膨润土有机改性及其对含油废水的吸附性能

以十八烷基三甲基溴化铵(OTAB)为改性剂,对天然膨润土进行有机改性,并采用X射线衍射仪对样品进行表征.考察温度、吸附时间、有机改性膨润土投加量、pH对含油废水中COD去除效果的影响.结果表明:OTAB成功插入到膨润土层间,其层间距增加.在30℃、有机改性膨润土投加量9g/L、吸附时间45 min、pH 6.0的条件下,有机改性膨润土对含油废水中COD的去除率可达86.8％.该研究为膨润土表面改性方法改进提供了借鉴.     

阴/阳离子有机膨润土对有机亚胺类物质的吸附性能研究

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对信阳上天梯膨润土进行阴、阳离子有机改性,并通过X-射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(IR)对改性前后的膨润土结构进行表征.结果表明:改性后的膨润土层间距增大,吸附性能增强;用配比为1.3%CTMAB/0.2%SDS改性制得的阴/阳离子有机膨润土做吸附剂,处理含有机亚胺类物质2,4-二硝基苯肼的实验废水,当吸附剂加入量为15 g/L、废水pH为6、振荡时间为80 min、吸附温度为30 ℃时,2,4-二硝基苯肼的去除率达97.84%.     

新型复合插层有机膨润土的制备及脱色性能

用阳离子有机改性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)复合插层改性钠基膨润土,分析了改性膨润土的结构,研究了改性剂质量浓度及二次改性时间对复合插层膨润土脱色效果的影响.结果表明,CTMAB用量为0.6离子交换容量CEC和CPAM质量浓度为0.5 g.L-1,二次插层反应时间为12.0 h时,有机膨润土对模拟染料废水和实际印染废水的脱色效果最佳.     

十六烷基三甲基铵改性膨润土的制备与物化性能研究

以天然钙基膨润土为原料,经过钠化处理与十六烷基三甲基铵（HDTMA^＋）采用湿法工艺合成了有机膨润土,利用FTIR、XRD、SEM和TG-DTA等手段对改性膨润土的结构性能以及微观形貌进行测试,讨论了阳离子表面活性剂与膨润土的作用机理．实验结果表明,季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂与膨润土发生有效作用,HDTMA^＋通过离子交换反应进入膨润土晶片层间,使其晶片层间的亲水环境改变为疏水环境并增大晶片层间距离,疏水吸附可以使其分布在膨润土表面,改变微观形貌特征,增强疏水性能,为高聚物／膨润土复合材料奠定了理论基础．     

磁载有机膨润土悬浮剂的制备及悬浮性能分析

以九水硝酸铁、无水碳酸钠和膨润土等为原料,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为膨胀剂和模板剂,通过溶胶凝胶法制备了γ-Fe_2O_3柱撑膨润土(γ-Fe_2O_3-pillared bentonite,γ-Fe_2O_3-P-B)。通过XRD、SEM和TEM仪器测定与分析,结果表明经CTAB和铁柱撑剂改性后的膨润土呈剥离状态,表面负载γ-Fe_2O_3粒子,且分散性较好;VSM测定结果显示,其磁饱和强度为10 emu/g,表现出超顺磁性;BET测定结果发现悬浮剂的比表面积是膨润土原土的4倍,表明膨润土与CTAB发生了较好的离子交换反应,其表面疏水性提高,有利于悬浮稳定性;其悬浮率达到93.83%,可用作农药、滴灌肥等产品的悬浮剂。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that