两段提升管催化裂化技术研究

提出了两段提升管催化裂化概念，并从理论上分析了两段催化的优点，推导出了适合于两段催化裂化的Ｗｅｅｋｍａｎ三集总动力学模型的拓展式，进一步充实了两段催化裂化的理论依据。两段催化裂化的模拟实验结果表明，前期反庆使催化剂结焦，使后期反应的汽油选择性明显变差，催化剂上的结信必选择性失活。     

重油催化裂化装置结焦原因分析及抑制措施

对胜利石化总厂催化裂化装置反应系统各部位焦块的组成和结焦原因进行了分析，提出了一系列抑制或减少结焦的措施。抑制或减少提升管进料喷嘴上方区域结焦的关键在于提高催化裂化进料的汽化率和改善催化剂的流动状况，保证催化剂有合适的预提升线速和密度。对于沉降器顶部和转油线部位，减少结焦的关键在于防止油气中易结焦组分的冷凝和缩短反应油气在这些部位的停留时间。     

传统催化裂化提升管反应器的弊端与两段提升管催化裂化

通过文献调研、实验研究和重油催化裂化工业装置现场采样，对传统重油催化裂化提升管反应器进行了研究。结果显示，传统重油催化裂化普遍存在反应时间过长、平均催化剂活性低和选择性差及不同反应组分之间存在恶性竞争等弊端。在此基础上，提出了两段提升管催化裂化新概念，并分析了其技术优势。     

重油催化裂化装置结焦原因分析及抑制措施

对胜利石化总厂催化裂化装置反应系统各部位焦块的组成和结焦原因进行了分析 ,提出了一系列抑制或减少结焦的措施。抑制或减少提升管进料喷嘴上方区域结焦的关键在于提高催化裂化进料的汽化率和改善催化剂的流动状况 ,保证催化剂有合适的预提升线速和密度。对于沉降器顶部和转油线部位 ,减少结焦的关键在于防止油气中易结焦组分的冷凝和缩短反应油气在这些部位的停留时间     

传统催化裂化提升管反应器的弊端与两段提升管催化裂化

通过文献调研、实验研究和重油催化裂化工业装置现场采样,对传统重油催化裂化提升管反应器进行了研究.结果显示,传统重油催化裂化普遍存在反应时间过长、平均催化剂活性低和选择性差及不同反应组分之间存在恶性竞争等弊端.在此基础上,提出了两段提升管催化裂化新概念,并分析了其技术优势.     

重油催化裂化装置提升管在线取样研究

利用自行研制的工业提升管在线取样系统对胜利石化总厂重油催化裂化装置提升管进行了在线取样，并对取得的液体和催化剂样品进行了分析，从而得到了重油催化装置提升管反应器中液体产品分布、催化剂活性、催化剂上碳含量沿提升管高度的变化规律。重油催化裂化反应主要发生在提升管的中下部区域，改善产品分布和优化反应进程必须在此区域采取措施，应对该区域的反应参数（反应温度、催化剂性能及进料性质等）进行控制。在提升管油剂混合处，催化进料并没有完全汽化，仍有部分重组分以液相存在，这对提升管反应器内的反应过程不利，易使提升管喷嘴上方区域结焦。     

Zn/HZSM-5丙烷芳构化催化剂反应与再生过程的稳定性

对分别用离子交换法和浸渍法制备的 Zn/ HZSM- 5丙烷芳构化催化剂 ,进行了反应与再生过程的稳定性研究。在固定床连续流动反应器上考察了催化剂的结焦行为 ,用NH3- TPD和 TG对结焦催化剂作了酸性、结焦量的测定 ,并进行了 TEM形貌表征 ,表明催化剂上的结焦是造成失活的主要原因。 5 2 0℃下的空气烧炭并不能使催化剂恢复到初始水平 ,但催化剂的芳烃选择性有所提高 ,而失活速率明显降低 ;二次再生的催化剂同一次再生的基本保持了相同的活性和选择性。对经历了 3次反应与再生后的催化剂进行了锌含量测定 ,表明锌的流失相当缓慢。     

重油催化裂化装置提升管在线取样研究

利用自行研制的工业提升管在线取样系统对胜利石化总厂重油催化裂化装置提升管进行了在线取样 ,并对取得的液体和催化剂样品进行了分析 ,从而得到了重油催化装置提升管反应器中液体产品分布、催化剂活性、催化剂上碳含量沿提升管高度的变化规律。重油催化裂化反应主要发生在提升管的中下部区域 ,改善产品分布和优化反应进程必须在此区域采取措施 ,应对该区域的反应参数 (反应温度、催化剂性能及进料性质等 )进行控制。在提升管油剂混合处 ,催化进料并没有完全汽化 ,仍有部分重组分以液相存在 ,这对提升管反应器内的反应过程不利 ,易使提升管喷嘴上方区域结焦。     

两段提升管FCC新工艺改善催化裂化产品分布研究

两段提升管催化裂化新工艺突破常规催化裂化工艺单一依靠调节反应参数来改善产品分布和质量的控制模式，在优化外部操作条件的时间，在反应内部改变中间产物的油气分压，使反应向理想的方向进行。试验结果表明，与常规催化裂化工艺相比，这种内外协调、优化控制的新工艺可使柴油产率提高8个百分点，汽油产率仅减少1个百分点，而干气产率下降1个百分点，重油产率下降8个百分点，轻油选择性提高10个百分点以上，大大改善了催化裂化产品的分布，达到了提高轻油收率、降低干气和重油产率的目的。     

添加剂对铝用碳素阳极消耗的影响

铝电解生产中,碳素阳极两组分(石油焦和沥青结焦)的活性差异带来阳极的选择性氧化,是造成碳素阳极过量消耗的主要原因之一．基于阳极中杂质或添加剂对阳极活性产生的影响,作者采用分别测定石油焦和沥青结焦与CO2反应活性的实验方法,研究了AlF3及其它5种添加剂(分别用A,B,C,AlF3+C,AlF3+D代替)对二者活性的影响．结果表明,添加剂C提高了沥青结焦和石油焦的CO2反应活性;添加剂AlF3,A,B,A1F3+C及AlF3+D均可不同程度地降低沥青结焦和石油焦的CO2反应活性,并且使沥青结焦与石油焦的CO2反应活性差距缩小,使得有可能在碳阳极中采用适宜添加剂,减缓其选择性氧化,降低阳极碳耗．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that