Local interactions predict large-scale pattern in empirically derived cellular automata.

An important unanswered question in ecology is whether processes such as species interactions that occur at a local scale can generate large-scale patterns seen in nature. Because of the complexity of natural ecosystems, developing an adequate theoretical framework to scale up local processes has been challenging. Models of complex systems can produce a wide array of outcomes; therefore, model parameter values must be constrained by empirical information to usefully narrow the range of predicted behaviour. Under some conditions, spatially explicit models of locally interacting objects (for example, cells, sand grains, car drivers, or organisms), variously termed cellular automata or interacting particle models, can self-organize to develop complex spatial and temporal patterning at larger scales in the absence of any externally imposed pattern. When these models are based on transition probabilities of moving between ecological states at a local level, relatively complex versions of these models can be linked readily to empirical information on ecosystem dynamics. Here, I show that an empirically derived cellular automaton model of a rocky intertidal mussel bed based on local interactions correctly predicts large-scale spatial patterns observed in nature.     

西南喀斯特地区植被定量遥感研究进展

喀斯特地区植被相比非喀斯特地区具有更高的时空差异性,在维持脆弱生态系统稳定与可持续发展中具有极其重要的作用。西南喀斯特地区作为全球生物多样性热点地区,植被类型多样且存在显著的同物异谱/同谱异物现象。为更精准、高效地进行喀斯特地区植被定量遥感研究,本文从个体尺度到生态系统尺度,从遥感数据源选择和方法应用上回顾了西南喀斯特地区植被定量遥感的研究进展,并探讨下一步需要重点关注的研究方向。西南喀斯特地区植被定量遥感研究主要集中在群落和生态系统尺度的植被覆盖度、植被分类、生态系统服务功能与价值研究;遥感影像数据应用相对单一,主要为被动成像中低分辨率的光学影像(如Landsat和MODIS)。在个体和种群尺度上,虽采用了地物高光谱遥感技术和无人机遥感技术,但该技术主要应用于小尺度近地面植物个体和种群研究,难以扩展到区域范围。亟待开展融合多源影像,尤其是激光雷达影像(Light Detection and Ranging, LiDAR)与非影像数据的应用及其先进分析方法研究,以及个体和种群尺度的喀斯特地区植被生化参数定量估算与自然植被物种精准识别,群落和生态系统尺度的生物多样性与碳循环定量遥感研究工...     

东亚季风区气候和生态系统相互作用的诊断和模拟研究

大气圈和生物圈的相互作用是连接地球系统中生命世界和无生命世界的重要过程之一，也是地球环境变化中一个最基本的过程。通过卫星遥感植被和地表覆盖信息与气候要素关系的诊断分析以及生态和气候模式的数值模拟，揭示了东亚季风区气候和生态系统相互作用的基本特征，包括季节、年际和长期的季风气候变化对生态系统的影响和大范围植被覆盖状况的变化对季风气候的影响。结果表明，东亚季风区与气候与生态系统相互作用最为强烈的地区之一，这里陆地生态系统的时空变率表现出明显的对季风气候的响应特征；另一方面，人类活动引起的大范围植被覆盖状况的变化可以对季风气候产生显的反馈影响，它们是叠加在季风系统自然变率之上的一种重要变化。同时，虚拟试验表明，通过有序的人类活动，因地制宜，合理利用土地资源，保护和恢复自然植被，可以产生明显的气候和环境效应。     

Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean

Pelagic marine predators face unprecedented challenges and uncertain futures. Overexploitation and climate variability impact the abundance and distribution of top predators in ocean ecosystems. Improved understanding of ecological patterns, evolutionary constraints and ecosystem function is critical for preventing extinctions, loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystem services. Recent advances in electronic tagging techniques have provided the capacity to observe the movements and long-distance migrations of animals in relation to ocean processes across a range of ecological scales. Tagging of Pacific Predators, a field programme of the Census of Marine Life, deployed 4,306 tags on 23 species in the North Pacific Ocean, resulting in a tracking data set of unprecedented scale and species diversity that covers 265,386 tracking days from 2000 to 2009. Here we report migration pathways, link ocean features to multispecies hotspots and illustrate niche partitioning within and among congener guilds. Our results indicate that the California Current large marine ecosystem and the North Pacific transition zone attract and retain a diverse assemblage of marine vertebrates. Within the California Current large marine ecosystem, several predator guilds seasonally undertake north-south migrations that may be driven by oceanic processes, species-specific thermal tolerances and shifts in prey distributions. We identify critical habitats across multinational boundaries and show that top predators exploit their environment in predictable ways, providing the foundation for spatial management of large marine ecosystems.     

生态安全的涵义与尺度

综述了生态安全的涵义与尺度.生态安全涉及自然和社会两方面,包括环境资源安全、生物与生态系统安全和自然与社会生态安全.生态安全有自然体系的生态安全和人类社会体系的生态安全两方面,每一方面包含了多重尺度.生态安全的空间尺度,从范围大小也可分成全球生态系统、区域生态系统和微观生态系统等空间若干层次的生态安全.生态安全的生物尺度对应了生物的不同层次,包括生物细胞、组织、个体、种群、群落、生态系统、生态景观、陆(地)海(洋)生态及人类生态.其中的任一生态层次出现损害、退化、胁迫,都可以说是该层次的生态安全处于不安全状态.不同层次的生物生态安全也往往是相互影响的,往往是低尺度的生态不安全,影响高尺度的生态不安全.     

Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs

The deteriorating health of the world's coral reefs threatens global biodiversity, ecosystem function, and the livelihoods of millions of people living in tropical coastal regions. Reefs in the Caribbean are among the most heavily affected, having experienced mass disease-induced mortality of the herbivorous urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983 and two framework-building species of coral. Declining reef health is characterized by increases in macroalgae. A critical question is whether the observed macroalgal bloom on Caribbean reefs is easily reversible. To answer this question, we must resolve whether algal-dominated reefs are an alternative stable state of the ecosystem or simply the readily reversible result of a phase change along a gradient of some environmental or ecological parameter. Here, using a fully parameterized simulation model in combination with a simple analytical model, we show that Caribbean reefs became susceptible to alternative stable states once the urchin mortality event of 1983 confined the majority of grazing to parrotfishes. We reveal dramatic hysteresis in a natural system and define critical thresholds of grazing and coral cover beyond which resilience is lost. Most grazing thresholds lie near the upper level observed for parrotfishes in nature, suggesting that reefs are highly sensitive to parrotfish exploitation. Ecosystem thresholds can be combined with stochastic models of disturbance to identify targets for the restoration of ecosystem processes. We illustrate this principle by estimating the relationship between current reef state (coral cover and grazing) and the probability that the reef will withstand moderate hurricane intensity for two decades without becoming entrained in a shift towards a stable macroalgal-dominated state. Such targets may help reef managers face the challenge of addressing global disturbance at local scales.     

Spatial scale dictates the productivity-biodiversity relationship

The diversity of life is heterogeneously distributed across the Earth. A primary cause for this pattern is the heterogeneity in the amount of energy, or primary productivity (the rate of carbon fixed through photosynthesis), available to the biota in a given location. But the shape of the relationship between productivity and species diversity is highly variable. In many cases, the relationship is 'hump-shaped', where diversity peaks at intermediate productivity. In other cases, diversity increases linearly with productivity. A possible reason for this discrepancy is that data are often collected at different spatial scales. If the mechanisms that determine species diversity vary with spatial scale, then so would the shape of the productivity-diversity relationship. Here, we present evidence for scale-dependent productivity-diversity patterns in ponds. When the data were viewed at a local scale (among ponds), the relationship was hump-shaped, whereas when the same data were viewed at a regional scale (among watersheds), the relationship was positively linear. This dependence on scale results because dissimilarity in local species composition within regions increased with productivity.     

饱和渗透系数空间变异性对边坡稳定性的影响

研究了降雨雨型、雨强和持时对边坡孔隙水压力分布的影响以及降雨入渗条件下饱和渗透系数的空间变异性对孔隙水压力、含水率、抗剪强度参数、局部安全系数等参数空间分布的影响。研究结果表明,降雨特性对边坡孔隙水压力的影响较大;受渗流主方向影响,降雨条件下饱和渗透系数的水平波动尺度对孔隙水压力及含水率的变异性影响小于竖向波动尺度,降雨致滑坡的临界滑面基本与坡面平行且深度较浅;随着饱和渗透系数水平波动尺度的增加,滑坡深度随之增大,从总体上坡体上部局部安全系数随饱和渗透系数竖向波动尺度的增加而减小。     

Review of several problems on the study of eco-hydrological processes in arid zones

Ecosystem degradation is a common and cardinal environmental problem in arid zones. The change in the eco-hydrological processes is the basic cause responsible for such a problem. The study on the eco-hydrological processes in arid zones has become a forefront and focus of the eco-environmental research. Recent studies on eco-hydrological processes in arid zones show that the primary vegetation pattern and its eco-hydrological effect are of the most stable state of the ecosystem in arid zones. Special water absorption ways of plants in arid zones and the hydraulic lift and reverse hydraulic lift functions of some plants are the key mechanisms to maintain the stability of the ecosystem in arid zones. In the case of water shortage, ensuring ecological water requirement and maintaining proper ecological ground- water table are the prerequisite to keep healthful operation of the ecosystem in arid zones. The paper reviews some advances in the study of eco-hydrological processes in arid zones. It puts forward the concepts of critical ecological water requirement, optimal ecological water requirement and saturated ecological water requirement, and discusses their determination methods. It also emphasizes that the studies on natural vegetation pattern and eco-hydrological effect, on plants with hydraulic lift function, on water sources for plant absorption, on ecological water requirement and ecological groundwater table for different plant species should be strengthened to determine the species composition and pattern suitable for the restoration and reestablishment of vegetation in different arid zones in China.     

多空间尺度融合的出行轨迹规律分析

多源时空轨迹数据隐含丰富的城市出行信息,通过对其进行挖掘、处理和分析,可以找到个体与群体之间的交互关系。针对轨迹数据挖掘研究范围单一,缺少多空间尺度研究的问题,提出一种融合多空间尺度特征的出行轨迹数据挖掘分析方法。以广东为例,结合社交媒体腾讯用户密度(Tencent user density, TUD)数据集,通过具有噪声的基于密度的聚类方法(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise, DBSCAN)聚类算法与局部密度峰值计算法提取时空相似性轨迹区域,进而簇类分成一系列热点区域,获得不同时间粒度、不同空间尺度下的出行轨迹规律特征。这能够实现在不同空间尺度融合下展示同一地区的热点区域,进一步探讨出行轨迹的规律变化。可见所提出的方法为利用时空大数据进行城市空间结构研究提供科学参考。     

中国自然灾害生态风险评价

进行中国（陆地）生态风险评价研究,旨在探讨大尺度的区域生态风险评价方法并实施评价,为生态系统的风险识别和风险防范提供科技支持。选择10种自然灾害作为生态风险源,22种生态系统作为风险受体,并考虑生态-环境脆弱性的影响。在各单项灾害生态风险评价的基础上,完成了中国灾害生态风险综合评价与制图。评价结果显示,从诸种自然灾害风...     

干旱内陆河流域景观生态的空间格局分析——以黑河流中游地区为例

干旱内陆河流域景观的空间结构受水土资源开发利用程度制约．通过划分景观分区和选取景观空间格局指标,分析研究了黑河流域中游地区景观的空间格局特征及其与人类活动及自然环境的关系,结果表明：１．土地资源开发程度高的区域,景观多样性、均匀性和破碎度值较大,景观优势度和分离度值则较小;２．研究区中部及南部耕地已成为主要景观类型．土地开发利用程度高,但中部绿洲区退化景观已具相当规模,且随沿山洪积扇区土地开发程度的提高,中下游生态环境退化趋势将加剧．     

基于遗传算法的稳定自适应模糊控制器的优化

采用模糊动态模型,对连续时间的高阶非线性系统进行了模糊控制。通过模糊推理,选择起主导作用的局部子系统的状态反馈控制,并作用于整个系统。利用大系统分散控制关联稳定性的概念和方法,得到了闭环模糊系统稳定的充分条件,并在此基础上给出了对模糊控制器进行优化设计的一种遗传算法实现策略。同时,仿真例子也验证了该设计方法的正确性。     

动态大系统的分散容错控制

该文考虑了一般关联大系统的分散容错控制问题,对传感器失效故障,提出了一种新的基于局部状态反馈的分散容错控制器设计方法。     

Vegetation Restoration Technique System and Its Ecological Functions of the Degraded Ecosystem in the Arid-Hot Valleys —— Taking the Example of Typical Mode in Small Watershed of Yuanmou

This paper concluded the vegetation restoration technique system in the arid-hot valleys and studied the anti-erosion function, environmental function and biological diversity effects of vegetation restoration on the ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys. The results showed that the soil erodibility decreased significantly after the vegetation restoration. The climate environment of the small watershed had a great improvement after the vegetation restoration, of which the temperature decreased, the humidity increased, the harsh environment of dry and hot in this region changed. The studies of the ecosystem biodiversity were mainly on the analysis of the relations between biodiversity and ecological function of the artificial ecological forest pattern and the natural enclosed treatment mode on the severely of degraded land. It could conclude that the natural enclosed treatment mode is helpful to the biodiversity of the ecosystem and the improvement and stability of the ecosystem, and Leucaena artificial forest restoration pattern reduced the species diversity but optimized the ecological function. Therefore, as to the severely and extremely severely degraded ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys, Leucaena pattern of gully control and natural enclosed treatment mode are the relatively optimal choices.     

Vortex-like excitations and the onset of superconducting phase fluctuation in underdoped La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO4

Two general features of a superconductor, which appear at the critical temperature, are the formation of an energy gap and the expulsion of magnetic flux (the Meissner effect). In underdoped copper oxides, there is strong evidence that an energy gap (the pseudogap) opens up at a temperature significantly higher than the critical temperature (by 100-220 K). Certain features of the pseudogap suggest that it is closely related to the gap that appears at the critical temperature (for example, the variation of the gap magnitudes around the Fermi surface and their maximum amplitudes are very similar). However, the Meissner effect is absent in the pseudogap state. The nature of the pseudogap state, and its relation (if any) to the superconducting state are central issues in understanding copper oxide superconductivity. Recent evidence suggests that, in the underdoped regime, the Meissner state is destroyed above the critical temperature by strong phase fluctuations (as opposed to a vanishing of the superfluid density). Here we report evidence for vortices (or vortex-like excitations) in La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO4 at temperatures significantly above the critical temperature. A thermal gradient is applied to the sample in a magnetic field. Vortices are detected by the large transverse electric field produced as they diffuse down the gradient (the Nernst effect). We find that the Nernst signal is anomalously enhanced at temperatures as high as 150 K.     

AERMOD模型在大气二氧化硫空间分布格局研究中的应用

整合闽清县的气象、地形、污染源等数据,综合运用分数偏差与参数估计最优化方法研究反照率、波文比及地表粗糙度3个地表参数设置对AERMOD模式预测结果的影响程度及趋势,并在地表参数率定的基础上建立县域尺度上的AERMOD模型.此外利用AERMOD模型模拟闽清县的SO_2污染现状并作出SO_2空间分布图,结合闽清县大气污染防治规划提出煤改天然气措施并进行情景模拟,以期为模型运用、大气环境评价及污染防控提供一定参考.     

卧龙自然保护区景观多样性时空分异特征研究

研究了卧龙自然保护区20世纪80年代中期以来景观多样性的时空分异格局及成因,并探讨了相关的管理和多样性研究尺度效应问题。结果显示,过去35年复杂的人为影响是研究时段内景观多样性显著变化的根本成因。始于20世纪60年代中期的大规模森林砍伐活动,降低了全区特别是中低山区景观多样性水平,而延续30多年的植树造林活动,使不同区域的整体景观多样性水平逐步提高。合理的景观整体结构（包括多样性空间格局）建设目标和实现方法,应成为今后相关研究工作关注的重点问题之一。研究还证明了景观多样性研究具有显著的尺度效应特征,具体表现为林地面积的恢复在全区、自然景观、人为影响景观以及海拔高程分异等中尺度研究中显著提高了景观多样性水平,但在各人为影响发生源的缓冲区这种小尺度分析上,则降低了景观多样性水平。工作区内开展中小尺度景观多样性研究的适宜正方形样地面积应为50×50个像元。     

Trophic cascades across ecosystems

Predation can be intense, creating strong direct and indirect effects throughout food webs. In addition, ecologists increasingly recognize that fluxes of organisms across ecosystem boundaries can have major consequences for community dynamics. Species with complex life histories often shift habitats during their life cycles and provide potent conduits coupling ecosystems. Thus, local interactions that affect predator abundance in one ecosystem (for example a larval habitat) may have reverberating effects in another (for example an adult habitat). Here we show that fish indirectly facilitate terrestrial plant reproduction through cascading trophic interactions across ecosystem boundaries. Fish reduce larval dragonfly abundances in ponds, leading to fewer adult dragonflies nearby. Adult dragonflies consume insect pollinators and alter their foraging behaviour. As a result, plants near ponds with fish receive more pollinator visits and are less pollen limited than plants near fish-free ponds. Our results confirm that strong species interactions can reverberate across ecosystems, and emphasize the importance of landscape-level processes in driving local species interactions.     

三江并流区自然灾害的时空发生规律及防治对策——以？…

三江并流区是当前世界的一个热点地区,众多的国际国内组织投入了大量的人力物力对该地区进行了深入的研究。由于该地区的地质结构复杂,地形高低起伏大,因而造成该地区的自然灾害的发生具有类型多,发生频率高时,时间规律明显,灾害的分布广,空间特点显著等特点,我们以迪庆州为例对自然灾害的时空发生规律进行研究,找出其中的时空规律并提出防治的合理化建议,为区域规划、区域可持续发展提供依据。