Functional interaction of phytochrome B and cryptochrome 2

Light is a crucial environmental signal that controls many photomorphogenic and circadian responses in plants. Perception and transduction of light is achieved by at least two principal groups of photoreceptors, phytochromes and cryptochromes. Phytochromes are red/far-red light-absorbing receptors encoded by a gene family of five members (phyA to phyE) in Arabidopsis. Cryptochrome 1 (cry1), cryptochrome 2 (cry2) and phototropin are the blue/ultraviolet-A light receptors that have been characterized in Arabidopsis. Previous studies showed that modulation of many physiological responses in plants is achieved by genetic interactions between different photoreceptors; however, little is known about the nature of these interactions and their roles in the signal transduction pathway. Here we show the genetic interaction that occurs between the Arabidopsis photoreceptors phyB and cry2 in the control of flowering time, hypocotyl elongation and circadian period by the clock. PhyB interacts directly with cry2 as observed in co-immunoprecipitation experiments with transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing cry2. Using fluorescent resonance energy transfer microscopy, we show that phyB and cry2 interact in nuclear speckles that are formed in a light-dependent fashion.     

Expression pattern of GASA,downstream genes of DELLA,in Arabidopsis

Separation and functional research of related components involved in gibberellins （GAs） signaling are important to clarify the mechanism of GA functioning. Research on the downstream components of DELLA, the key factor of the GA signaling pathway, is limited at present. GASA （GA-Stimulated in Arabidopsis） family contains 15 genes usually regulated by GA in Arabidopsis thaliana. All GASA proteins have a cleavable signal peptide in N terminus and a conserved GASA domain including 12 cysteines in C terminus. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of GASA4 and GASA6 were down-regulated, but GASA 1 and GASA9 were up-regulated in the DELLA mutants, gai-t6 and rga-24, as well as the double mutant, consisting with the results that GASA4 and GASA6 were induced, but GASA1 and GASA9 were inhibited by exogenous GA3. In addition, the expression patterns of other GASA genes were regulated by GA and ABA, separately or cooperatively. Most of GASA genes were expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and developing siliques. GUS gene driven by the promoters of GASA6, GASA7, GASA8, GASA9, GASAIO, GASA11 and GASA12were used as reporters and it was found that all GASA genes expressed in the growing and differentiating organs and abscission zones, suggesting the role of these genes in cell growth and differentiation. This study provided an important basis for functional study of the GASA gene family in the GA and ABA signaling pathway.     

GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellin

Gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones that are essential for many developmental processes in plants. It has been postulated that plants have both membrane-bound and soluble GA receptors; however, no GA receptors have yet been identified. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a new GA-insensitive dwarf mutant of rice, gid1. The GID1 gene encodes an unknown protein with similarity to the hormone-sensitive lipases, and we observed preferential localization of a GID1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal in nuclei. Recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-GID1 had a high affinity only for biologically active GAs, whereas mutated GST-GID1 corresponding to three gid1 alleles had no GA-binding affinity. The dissociation constant for GA4 was estimated to be around 10(-7) M, enough to account for the GA dependency of shoot elongation. Moreover, GID1 bound to SLR1, a rice DELLA protein, in a GA-dependent manner in yeast cells. GID1 overexpression resulted in a GA-hypersensitive phenotype. Together, our results indicate that GID1 is a soluble receptor mediating GA signalling in rice.     

Auxin promotes Arabidopsis root growth by modulating gibberellin response

The growth of plant organs is influenced by a stream of the phytohormone auxin that flows from the shoot apex to the tip of the root. However, until now it has not been known how auxin regulates the cell proliferation and enlargement that characterizes organ growth. Here we show that auxin controls the growth of roots by modulating cellular responses to the phytohormone gibberellin (GA). GA promotes the growth of plants by opposing the effects of nuclear DELLA protein growth repressors, one of which is Arabidopsis RGA (for repressor of gal-3). GA opposes the action of several DELLA proteins by destabilizing them, reducing both the concentration of detectable DELLA proteins and their growth-restraining effects. We also show that auxin is necessary for GA-mediated control of root growth, and that attenuation of auxin transport or signalling delays the GA-induced disappearance of RGA from root cell nuclei. Our observations indicate that the shoot apex exerts long-distance control on the growth of plant organs through the effect of auxin on GA-mediated DELLA protein destabilization.     

Regulation of flowering time by light quality

The transition to flowering in plants is regulated by environmental factors such as temperature and light. Plants grown under dense canopies or at high density perceive a decrease in the ratio of red to far-red incoming light. This change in light quality serves as a warning of competition, triggering a series of responses known collectively as the 'shade-avoidance syndrome'. During shade avoidance, stems elongate at the expense of leaf expansion, and flowering is accelerated. Of the five phytochromes-a family of red/far-red light photoreceptors-in Arabidopsis, phytochrome B (phyB) has the most significant role in shade-avoidance responses, but the mechanisms by which phyB regulates flowering in response to altered ratios of red to far-red light are largely unknown. Here we identify PFT1 (PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME 1), a nuclear protein that acts in a phyB pathway and induces flowering in response to suboptimal light conditions. PFT1 functions downstream of phyB to regulate the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), providing evidence for the existence of a light-quality pathway that regulates flowering time in plants.     

基于GAs/PSO组合算法的水轮机调速系统PID参数寻优

提出了一种基于GA s/PSO组合算法的P ID控制器参数自整定方法,这种方法兼有遗传算法(GA s)和粒子群算法(PSO)的优点。组合算法种群由GA s和PSO的最佳个体迁移形成,其中GA s采用了实数编码和变异概率自适应,PSO算法采用了带指数衰减的惯性因子的速度更新算法,以加快收敛速度。通过对水轮机调速系统P ID控制器参数寻优仿真比较表明,该组合算法寻优性能比单独的GA s和PSO表现更为优异,且所得系统具有更好的动态性能。     

棉花DELLA蛋白GhGAI2b基因的克隆和功能初步分析

DELLA蛋白是赤霉素信号途径的负调节因子,在棉花纤维发育中有着重要作用。本研究采用同源克隆方法,从棉花中克隆DELLA蛋白Gh GAI2b基因,构建p BP35S:Gh GAI2b和p BP35S:Ghgai2b植物过表达载体,通过农杆菌介导的滴花法转化Col野生型拟南芥。结果表明,棉花DELLA蛋白Gh GAI2b包含了DELLA蛋白家族中所有的典型保守区域;转基因拟南芥表现出莲座叶半径变短,植株矮化,花序紧凑,花器官发育迟缓等生长发育受抑制表型。说明棉花DELLA蛋白Gh GAI2b基因可能参与GA信号途径抑制植物生长发育。     

植物激素-赤霉素(GA)细胞信号转导机制

植物激素赤霉素(GA)参与植物种子萌发、茎伸长、开花、结果等多个生长发育过程.研究GA细胞信号转导的分子机制对进一步阐明其生物学功能具有重要的意义.GA合成突变体和细胞信号转导突变体的研究表明,GAI及其同功蛋白具有受体功能,GA被受体识别后进一步与DELLA蛋白作用,从而解除DELLA蛋白对植物生长的抑制作用.文章主要综述这些分子具体的作用模式.     

一种新的用于测定植物生长调节剂活性的微量滤纸法(MDB)的研究

本文开发和论述了一种新的用于测定植物生长调节剂活性的微量滤纸法（MDB）。研究表明，用MDB测定的多效唑（MET）和赤霉素（GA3）对油菜（BrassicacampestrisL．）下胚轴伸长的活性同水溶液法（WSB）完全一致。MDB揭示了在一定处理浓度下化合物的活性不受点样量、点滴方式和扩散时间的影响，比改进滤纸法（IDB）有更大的优越性。     

棉花DELLA蛋白GhGAl4a基因在拟南芥中功能初步分析

为了探究棉花DELLA蛋白基因GhGAI4a在拟南芥中的功能,构建植物表达载体pBP35S：GhGAI4a和pBP35S：Ghgai4a,利用农杆菌介导的花滴法将其转入Col野生型拟南芥。结果显示,2个载体各自获得6个独立的转基因拟南芥纯合株系。分别统计48—96h种子萌发率,测量生长7d后幼苗的主根长度,与非转基因植株相比,过量表达GhGAI4a、Ghgai4a对拟南芥种子萌发及主根生长具有明显的抑制作用。1μmol／LGA处理转基因植株,GhGAI4a转基因植株主根长和萌发率均增大,而Ghgai4a转基因植株主根长度和萌发率均无显著变化。     

Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation

The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is an essential process in the life cycle of plants. Plant floral induction pathways respond to both environmental and endogenous cues and much has been learnt about these genetic pathways by studying mutants of Arabidopsis. Gibberellins (GAs) are plant growth regulators important in many aspects of plant growth and in Arabidopsis they promote flowering. Here we provide genetic evidence that GAs inhibit flowering in grapevine. A grapevine dwarf mutant derived from the L1 cell layer of the champagne cultivar Pinot Meunier produces inflorescences along the length of the shoot where tendrils are normally formed. The mutated gene associated with the phenotype is a homologue of the wheat 'green revolution' gene Reduced height-1 (ref. 6) and the Arabidopsis gene GA insensitive (GAI). The conversion of tendrils to inflorescences in the mutant demonstrates that the grapevine tendril is a modified inflorescence inhibited from completing floral development by GAs.     

促进型互感作用物质Lepidimoide的一些生物学特性=

Ｌｅｐｉｄｉｍｏｉｄｅ是国际上首次确认的促进型互感作用物质,具有与ＧＡ和ＢＡ相类似的生理作用,该物质广泛存在于植物种子中,于种子萌发时分泌出体外,对其他植物的生长产生影响,该物质的生理作用有：１．促进拟南芥菜下胚轴伸长;２．使拟南芥菜子叶的面积增大;３．促进向日葵幼苗叶绿素合成,目前对Ｌｅｐｉｄｉｍｏｉｄｅ等促进型互感作用物质的研究尚处于起步阶段。     

HD2基因调控拟南芥下胚轴发育的功能研究

为探究组蛋白去乙酰化酶HD2基因在拟南芥下胚轴发育中的调控作用,本研究采用野生型（Col-0）、HD2突变体以及过表达植株为材料,研究其在1/2MS以及1/2MS+100 mmol/L甘露醇培养中下胚轴的表型特征,并结合转录组测序数据进一步分析. 实验结果显示,四种过表达株系下胚轴长度较Col-0长,伸长百分比为7.1%～19.5%,差异显著;甘露醇处理后,过表达植株下胚轴较Col-0更长,伸长百分比为14.6%～32.8%,差异更加显著,缩短幅度也更小. hd2a/hd2b和hd2a/hd2c双基因突变体植株在有无甘露醇时,下胚轴长度均显著短于Col-0,但干旱胁迫后变短幅度无明显增加. 转录组数据揭示,HD2基因调控光合系统响应基因影响植株暗形态建成反应,从而影响下胚轴发育. 甘露醇处理后,HD2基因诱导产生非生物刺激响应因子,帮助下胚轴抵抗不良环境. 综上所述,HD2基因在拟南芥下胚轴发育中承担重要调控作用.     

马尾松雌雄球花的形成与赤霉素和脱落酸及细胞分裂素的关系

与其邻近的枝梢顶端相比,雌球花的赤霉素ＧＡ１＋３和ＧＡ４＋７的含量显著较高,而脱落酸含量并无明显差异;雄球花与其邻近的枝梢顶端相比,则ＡＢＡ含量显著较高,而两者的ＧＡ１＋３或ＧＡ４＋７含量差异不显著;不令是雌球花或雄球花,其细胞分裂素类中的一组,玉米素核苷组的含量均显著低于其邻近的枝梢顶端,而异戊烯腺嘌呤组或二氧玉米素核苷组的含量则未见显著差异。