不可通约性:科学进步与交叉科学悖论

<正>不可通约性的基本含义"不可通约性"论点是库恩和费耶阿本德两人差不多同时提出来的。库恩在他的名著《科学革命的结构》一书中,不可通约性一词大约出现了6次,有时以名词,有时以形容词出现。1979年该书被译成日文,库恩在其跋中就以专节论述这个问题,题名为"范例,不可通约性与革命"。其中一开头就说,他要澄清本书的一个重要基础,就是不可通约性,以及它在科学家有关新、旧理论的抉择辩论中所造成的结果。     

试论库恩的不可通约性

不可通约性在库恩的科学哲学中占据了十分重要的地位,在库恩看来,不可通约性也就是范式或理论之间的不可翻译性.它主要包括以下内容:一是指不同范式之间不存在共同的评价标准,二是指在科学革命的前后,即使使用相同的概念和术语,它们之间的相互关系和意义也都发生了变化:三是指不同范式的拥护者具有不同的世界现和立场.     

库恩“不可通约性”观念的历史变迁

不可通约性观点是库恩科学哲学理论的重要组成部分。然而该观点不是一蹴而就,也不是一成不变的。库恩的不可通约性观念经历了漫长痛苦的历史变迁。本文通过历时的研究方法,试图揭示这一变迁过程中不同历史阶段上库恩对不可通约性的诠释。     

库恩与费耶阿本德的不可通约性思想之比较

＂不可通约性＂思想伴随着相对主义问题,库恩与费耶阿本德对于不可通约性的说明和理解,既存在着理由、范围、程度、对科学划界标准方面的不同点,也存在着提倡部分内容可比较和科学无所谓绝对真理的共同观点。通过对比,对不可通约性思想有更全面的认识和理解,树立更明确的科学观念。     

当代复活天赋论的急先锋——简论乔姆斯基的语言天赋论思想

当代天赋论肇始于乔姆斯基的语言学革命。文中围绕乔姆斯基对结构主义语言学和行为主义语言观的批判、他的天赋语言机能和普遍语法理论、刺激贫乏论证等,系统考察了乔姆斯基的语言天赋论思想,并对语言天赋论研究的意义、问题以及我们可以在什么意义上谈论天赋性进行了探讨。     

浅谈科学研究纲领方法论思想

20世纪20年代逻辑实证主义的出现标志着当代西方科学哲学的成熟。当代西方科学哲学分为逻辑主义和历史主义两大学派。科学研究纲领方法论是由著名的历史主义学派代表拉卡托斯在吸收波普尔和库恩的合理思想基础上提出来的。他首先提出了新的科学划界标准;接着他指出,每一个时代的每一门学科都是一个研究纲领。拉卡托斯提出的科学进步的历史模型,比波普尔和库恩思想更接近于科学发展的实际情况,因而是当今最进步的科学研究纲领方法论。     

语际转换的悖论：语言不可译性探究

本文试图从符号学视角探讨语言的不可译性。通过阐述语际转换机制梳理语言的不可译性。从语言本质上看,任何两种语言之间都必然存在着一定程度的不可通约性,宏观上,可译性和不可译性是翻译中同时存在的一对矛盾体,是语言本质属性的体现,否认或替代不可译性是错误的。因此,不能把翻译笼统地规定为可译的或不可译的。     

从家族类似看托马斯·库恩的科学革命

托马斯·库恩在《科学革命的结构》一书中提出了自己的科学发展观,引起了巨大而深远的学术和思想影响。科学革命理论受到广泛关注,但也引来众多批评。这固然与库恩本人的论述过于强硬有关,但也和批评者从本质主义的立场来理解库恩的科学革命有很大关系。如果从维特根斯坦的家族类似来看,则这些诘问就会化为乌有。     

从家族类似看托马斯·库恩的科学革命

托马斯·库恩在《科学革命的结构》一书中提出了自己的科学发展观,引起了巨大而深远的学术和思想影响。科学革命理论受到广泛关注,但也引来众多批评。这固然与库恩本人的论述过于强硬有关,但也和批评者从本质主义的立场来理解库恩的科学革命有很大关系。如果从维特根斯坦的家族类似来看,则这些诘问就会化为乌有。     

科学认识论中的"范式转换"--解读库恩《科学革命的结构》

托马斯·库恩,美国著名的科学史家和科学哲学家,他的<科学革命的结构>一书引导了科学哲学界的一场认识论的大变革,成为科学哲学史上一道重要的分水岭.本文将对该书的独特意蕴进行解析,从而诠释库恩独到的科学哲学思想.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the