H2O2-有机酸降低汽油中烯烃含量研究

用H2O2(w=30％)对含烯烃的模拟油品进行氧化，探讨了各种催化剂对氧化反应的影响。结果表明，酸碱催化剂都可促进H2O2氧化反应的进行，对降低油品中烯烃效果，有机酸条件明显好于碱性和中性条件，甲酸的催化效果优于乙酸。在H2O2甲酸氧化降烯烃的过程中，当3种样品的体积比即V(模拟油品)：V(H2O2)：V(甲酸)=4：1：1，反应温度45℃，反应时间1h时，模拟体系中烯烃降低率为35．8％，流化催化裂化汽油中烯烃降低率达22．1％。     

过氧化氢-甲酸氧化模拟柴油脱硫试验及其动力学分析

以正辛烷-二苯并噻吩模拟柴油,进行过氧化氢-甲酸氧化脱硫试验和动力学研究。结果表明,过氧化氢-甲酸体系能够有效氧化模拟柴油中的二苯并噻吩,生成二苯并噻吩砜。影响脱硫率的因素顺序为:甲酸用量温度过氧化氢用量。优化条件为:V(模拟柴油)∶V(H2O2)∶V(HCOOH)=100∶1∶10,40℃下反应1 h,硫的质量分数可由1.14×10-3降至1.14×10-5,脱硫率为99.01%。该条件下计算动力学参数得反应级数1.055 4,速率常数5.15×10-2(μg/g)1-n.min-1。     

钨酸盐/H2O2/[HNMP][HSO4]体系的催化氧化脱硫性能

采用钨酸盐/H2O2/N-甲基吡咯烷酮硫酸氢盐([HNMP][HSO4])体系对模拟燃油和实际燃油进行深度催化氧化脱硫研究。采用X线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)以及热分析仪(TG)对合成的2种Keggin型钨酸盐(烷基硅钨酸铵(Q4Si W)和烷基磷钨酸铵(Q3PW))进行表征。考察不同脱硫体系、不同催化剂、催化剂用量、H2O2用量、反应温度和不同硫化物等对模拟油脱硫效果的影响。结果表明:在反应温度60℃,反应时间4 h,模拟油3 g,[HNMP][HSO4]1 g,n(O)∶n(S)∶n(催化剂)=300∶50∶1,Q4Si W为催化剂条件下,此催化氧化体系对噻吩(TS)、苯并噻吩(BT)和二苯并噻吩(DBT)的脱硫率分别为54.2%、87.4%以及99.1%,且重复使用5次,催化氧化性能并未明显降低。     

Fe~(2+)和Fe~0催化双氧水氧化处理H酸结晶废母液效能的比较

采用Fenton和Fe0-类Fenton氧化反应处理含H酸结晶废母液,基于氧化还原电位(ORP)与铁离子浓度变化规律,对两种体系最佳反应条件下的处理效能进行分析.研究表明:Fenton体系在H2O2投加量为140mmol/L,n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)为15∶1,初始pH值为2.0时取得最佳处理效果,此时,化学需氧量(COD)降低率可达79%,总有机碳(TOC)降低率可达50%;而Fe0-类Fenton体系则在H2O2投加量为140mmol/L,Fe0投加量为0.50g/L,溶液初始pH值为1.6时取得最佳处理效果,此时,溶液COD降低率可达73%,TOC降低率可达47%.研究结果表明,以Fe2+作为催化剂处理H酸结晶废母液要比Fe0的处理效果稍好,且氧化剂H2O2的利用效率更高.     

超声波辅助柴油模拟化合物的深度氧化脱硫

研究超声波在均相催化体系中对模拟柴油中二苯并噻吩(DBT)脱除效果的影响.并在超声波辅助作用下,考察了不同催化剂、氧化剂用量、超声波作用时间、反应温度及剂油比对氧化脱硫效果的影响.实验结果表明:在不同催化体系中,使用超声波都能明显提高DBT转化率.在50℃,剂油比(V/V)为1∶10,超声波辅助模拟柴油在H2O2\HCOOH(体积比为1∶9)条件下,反应时间为10min,DBT的转化率可达到100%.     

甲酸-H_2O_2物系氧化苯乙烯制苯甲酸

在无催化剂的条件下,采用不同物系进行了苯乙烯氧化反应制得苯甲酸的研究.考察了物系种类、H2O2用量、反应温度、反应时间、反应物的加入方式等因素对该反应的影响.结果表明:在甲酸-H2O2物系中,苯乙烯被氧化生成苯甲酸.在此物系中,随甲酸用量的增加,反应时间的延长,反应温度的升高,苯乙烯的转化率升高,苯甲酸的选择性先增加后减小;加料顺序和酸的种类也影响苯乙烯氧化的转化率和选择性.氧化苯乙烯制苯甲酸反应的优化条件为:甲酸-H2O2物系,采用先加入苯乙烯和甲酸再滴加H2O2的加料方式,过氧化氢38.4 mmol,苯乙烯6.4 mmol,甲酸38.4 mmol,反应温度80℃,反应时间5 h.在此条件下,苯乙烯的转化率为100%,苯甲酸的选择性达到91.4%.     

MnO_2-CuO-CeO_2复合催化剂的制备及处理化工集装罐清洗废水的应用

针对非均相贵重金属催化剂成本高,非均相过渡金属催化剂性能良好、成本低,但使用寿命短、易流失的特点,研制高效复合MnO2-Cu O-CeO2非均相过渡金属催化剂.采用正交实验对催化剂制备过程中的n(Cu)∶n(Mn)、Ce的摩尔分数、焙烧温度、焙烧时间进行探讨,确定最佳制备条件,并对其结构和组成通过扫描电镜分析、X射线衍射分析及热重分析进行表征.用该催化剂催化氧化模拟苯酚废水,对催化剂用量、氧化剂H2O2用量、反应温度、反应时间进行优化,确定最佳反应条件并利用其进行降解化工集装罐清洗废水的应用研究.研究表明催化剂MnO2-Cu O-CeO2的最佳制备条件为:n(Cu)∶n(Mn)=4∶6、Ce的摩尔分数为10%、焙烧温度为600,℃、焙烧时间为4,h.催化氧化法处理苯酚废水的最佳工艺参数:催化剂用量0.8,g/L、H2O2用量与COD比值为3、反应温度170,℃、反应时间1,h.化工集装罐清洗废水COD去除效果显著,COD去除率达到95%左右.     

H_4PMo_(11)VO_(40)催化氧化2-甲基萘制备甲萘醌

以磷钼钒杂多酸H4PMo11V1O40为催化剂、乙酸为溶剂,用双氧水氧化2-甲基萘制备2-甲基萘醌.实验表明:H4PMo11V1O40具有一定的催化活性.通过正交试验和单因素试验考察了催化剂用量、乙酸用量、双氧水用量、反应时间、反应温度等对收率的影响,获得较佳的合成条件:杂多酸∶2-MN(质量比)=7%,乙酸∶2-MN(质量比)=10.5∶1,双氧水∶2-甲基萘(摩尔比)=4.2∶1,较适宜的温度为40~50℃,反应时间为30 min.     

K2O对V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂的中毒作用

实验室制备了V2O5-WO3/TiO2的脱硝催化剂,采用模拟中毒法,在此催化剂上负载碱金属氧化物K2O,通过BET,XRD,SEM等方法对微观结构进行表征.在SCR活性试验台上研究不同含量K2O对催化剂脱硝活性,N2O生成率和SO2氧化率的影响.结果发现:K2O对于催化剂的毒性较强,随着添加量的增大,NO脱除率急剧下降,SO2的氧化率大大提高;较大含量的K2O(nK/nV=1,摩尔比)使催化剂比表面积有所减少,催化剂颗粒发生轻微团聚,微观结构变化不大,但NO的脱除率小于50%(380℃),N2O的生成率和SO2的氧化率均增加;K2O通过与V2O5的活性酸性位结合,使催化剂中有效活性位数量大为降低,导致脱硝活性下降.     

双氧水/V2O5体系催化氧化汽油深度脱硫

以V2O5为主催化剂,无水乙醇为助催化剂,研究了双氧水催化氧化汽油深度脱硫技术。考察了萃取剂以及氧化条件对脱硫效果的影响。在汽油10 mL、双氧水0.04 mL、V2O50.0019 g、无水乙醇0.40 mL、氧化温度30℃的反应条件下,氧化60 min,得到的产物采用95%乙醇/5%NaOH(体积比为4:1)的复配溶剂进行萃取,萃取温度15℃,静置时间15 min,体积剂油比为1时,汽油中的硫含量由179.3 mg.L-1降至15.1 mg.L-1,脱硫率达91.6%。与未经氧化直接萃取相比,脱硫率提高了43.2%,氧化效果明显。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.