上海软黏土结构屈服特性的试验研究

结构性与各向异性是天然沉积软黏土的两个重要特性。为研究其结构屈服特征,对上海软黏土进行了一系列相关试验,包括灵敏度试验、一维固结试验、K0固结试验、三轴排水应力路径试验。灵敏度试验研究表明,天然沉积上海软黏土在结构破坏前后的不排水抗剪强度存在明显差异,灵敏度为4.86,属高灵敏性土。一维压缩试验结果表明,原状上海软黏土在结构屈服前后压缩特性存在明显的差别,具有结构性土所特有的分段特征。不同应力路径下三轴排水剪切试验表明,上海软黏土具有显著的塑性各向异性,其初始屈服面在p'-q平面上呈倾斜的椭圆形状,但其对称轴略低于K0线。     

不同应力历史条件下软黏土强度时效特性

采用恒定剪切速率的室内试验,对经历不同应力历史的天然软黏土的不排水强度时效特性进行了研究,探讨了软黏土不排水强度的时效特性、有效应力路径、不同应力历史的影响和软黏土应变速率变化对不排水强度的影响规律和影响程度.为了消除土体各向异性对试验结果的影响,对同一土样采用了变剪切速率的试验方法.土样在剪切前,采用了不同应力路径进行固结.试验结果表明,在三轴压缩条件下,剪切速率每提高10倍,不排水抗剪强度平均提高9.7%;三轴拉伸条件下,剪切速率每提高10倍,不排水抗剪强度平均提高7.2%.     

各向异性成层边坡的稳定性分析

为研究土体强度各向异性对成层边坡稳定性的影响,基于空心圆柱扭剪仪(HCA)试验得到的杭州软黏土不排水抗剪强度,并结合土体破坏微观机理,得到考虑土体各向异性的不排水抗剪强度公式,推导出与其对应的屈服准则;采用有限元强度折减法分析各向异性成层边坡稳定性。研究结果表明:随着上、下层强度比的改变,失稳破坏时会产生3种不同的滑动面形式;当土体呈现较强的各向异性时,不考虑强度各向异性的影响会使边坡安全系数计算结果不准确。     

一种新型土壤抗剪强度测量装置的研制

土的抗剪强度是岩土体一项重要的物理性能指标,测量土的抗剪强度对于滑坡隐患点的监测和预防具有重要意义。提出一种装置来实现现场测量土的抗剪强度,该装置由十字板、扭矩传感器、步进电机、单片机硬件电路等结构组成。对实验装置的搭建和单片机硬件电路作了详细介绍。取杭州地区的软黏土为研究对象,用该装置对土样在不同含水率和不同正应力的条件下进行了十字板剪切试验和直剪试验;并将所得数据的数据进行分析对比。试验结果表明,当土壤含水率较低时,随着含水率的增加,土壤抗剪强度先增大后减小;而土壤抗剪强度和对土壤施加的正应力是成正比关系的。     

两种K0固结土样的强度比及其各向异性

K_0固结(侧向约束的固结)可导致土的各向异性.通过对比上海软黏土的原状土样和重塑土样的三轴ACUC(K_0固结压缩剪切)、ACUE(K_0固结拉伸剪切)试验以及直剪试验得到的强度比,研究这两种土样所具有的不同结构对K_0正常固结软黏土强度比及其各向异性的影响.三轴ACUC、ACUE试验中,在3.7倍于结构屈服应力的正常固结范围内,原状土样在不同固结压力下表现出与重塑土样不同的有效应力路径、极限状态线、有效内摩擦角和强度比.当固结压力较小时,原状土样表现出比重塑土样明显偏大的ACUE强度,因而呈现出较小的强度各向异性;随着固结压力的增大及结构进一步破损,原状土样的强度各向异性逐渐增大而接近重塑土.因此,在对K_0正常固结软黏土的三轴强度比及其各向异性的研究中,这种与固结压力相关的结构效应值得关注.直剪快剪试验结果表明,正常固结范围内两种K_0固结土样的强度比几乎相同,因而可以忽略结构效应对直剪快剪强度的影响.     

扰动程度对湛江组结构性黏土触变性的影响

扰动对湛江组结构性黏土触变性具有重要影响,扰动程度不同,湛江组结构性黏土触变强度恢复程度也不同.为探究扰动程度对湛江组结构性黏土触变性的影响规律,对该土展开室内模型试验研究.基于现场原位十字板剪切试验,设计模型装置,采用室内振动试验模拟土样受扰过程,在不同扰动程度(0、33％、66％、100％)、不同静置时间(0、7、28、56、91 d)下对3种土样进行微型十字板剪切试验,在相同扰动程度(66％)、不同静置时间(0、7、28、56、91 d)下对3种土样进行无侧限抗压强度试验,分别测试各静置时间下的微型十字板不排水抗剪强度和无侧限抗压强度,分析扰动程度对土体触变恢复强度的影响规律.结果 表明:土体扰动时间与扰动程度正相关.在相同扰动程度下,强度恢复程度、触变恢复强度比均随静置时间的增加而增大,触变灵敏度随静置时间的增加而降低;土体结构性越强,强度恢复程度、触变恢复强度比随静置时间增加而增大的幅度和速率越大,触变灵敏度随静置时间增加而降低的幅度和速率越大.在不同扰动程度下,强度恢复程度与扰动程度呈线性关系,触变恢复强度比与扰动程度呈反比例关系.     

酸性污染土物理力学性质的室内试验研究

基于上海地区浅层软粘性土较易被污染,且通常工业污染中以硫酸污染最为严重这一原因,选用该地区浅层典型的淤泥质粉质粘土,通过室内浸泡方法制备酸性污染土,系统研究了不同浓度硫酸溶液、不同侵蚀时间对土体物理力学性质的影响,研究表明:随酸侵蚀时间的推移,土的含水量、孔隙比、液塑限都是随硫酸浓度的增加而增加;土的圆锥入土深度随着浸泡时间的延长、酸液浓度的增加而加大,微型十字板强度减小,直剪固快试验结果规律不明显;压缩系数随浸泡时间的延长呈增大的趋势,压缩模量呈减小的趋势,而压缩系数和压缩模量随酸液浓度的变化规律不明显.同时对污染土几种强度试验方法的有效性进行对比分析,表明直剪固快试验有效性差;微型十字板试验和圆锥入土深度试验结果相吻合,有效性好,建议采用微型十字板和圆锥入土深度试验进行污染土室内强度试验.     

土水特征曲线预测非饱和黏土的抗剪强度

分别采用压力板法和滤纸法对一种孔隙比大致相同的黏土进行了测量土水特征曲线的试验, 并通过直剪仪试验测得不同含水率下该黏土的抗剪强度(简称强度). 试验结果表明: 压力板法和滤纸法测得的土水特征曲线大致相同; 同样竖向压力下, 抗剪强度随饱和度降低而增大, 但饱和度很低时强度反而减小. 饱和度主要影响黏聚力, 对内摩擦角的影响不大. 另外, 应用土水特征曲线对非饱和黏土的强度进行了预测. 通过引入有效饱和度的概念, 对非饱和土强度公式进行修正, 采用该公式预测非饱和土强度的精度比传统的平均骨架应力预测方法要高.     

粗粒土初始各向异性弹塑性模型

基于黏土的初始各向异性研究成果,提出一个适用于粗粒土的弹塑性模型.该模型屈服面为旋转的椭圆,采用考虑塑性体应变和塑性剪应变耦合的两个硬化参数,即表示屈服面大小的硬化参数κ0和旋转硬化参数α.模型能较好地反映初始及后续各向异性状态下粗粒土的剪胀性.利用双江口堆石坝覆盖层砂卵砾石料,进行了岛固结排水剪和K0固结不排水剪大三轴试验,并用试验结果对模型进行了初步验证.研究结果表明:模型能够合理地预测粗粒土的变形和强度特性.     

超固结黏土不排水剪切的屈服与临界状态

以研究超固结黏土的屈服与临界状态为目的,通过GDS三轴试验仪开展了一系列不同超固结状态的黏土不排水剪切试验。为了分析黏土的应力路径,选取了能描述超固结状态不同时土的屈服特性的ALPHA(α)模型。分析了黏土的偏应力/孔压-应变曲线变化趋势,并确定了孔压达到峰值时土体为破坏状态。根据应力破坏点拟合出临界状态线,提出了针对不同超固结比的不排水抗剪强度的计算公式。试验结果表明:不排水剪切试验中,前期固结压力相同时,超固结比越小,抗剪强度越高,但是屈服强度并非随超固结比的降低而单调递增变化;超固结比相同时,前期固结压力越大,抗剪强度越高,屈服强度也越高;正常固结和轻超固结土的破坏应变皆在5%左右,而重超固结土则呈现明显的剪胀现象和脆性破坏,破坏应变小于2.5%;正常固结和轻超固结土的应力路径呈“S”型,重超固结土的应力路径呈不断增长的趋势。根据破坏标准,重超固结土和轻超固结土、正常固结土共用一条临界状态线,不排水抗剪强度计算公式参数较少,易获取,易嵌入本构模型中,应用方便。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with