Spatial structure of cone inputs to receptive fields in primate lateral geniculate nucleus.

Human colour vision depends on three classes of cone photoreceptors, those sensitive to short (S), medium (M) or long (L) wavelengths, and on how signals from these cones are combined by neurons in the retina and brain. Macaque monkey colour vision is similar to human, and the receptive fields of macaque visual neurons have been used as an animal model of human colour processing. P retinal ganglion cells and parvocellular neurons are colour-selective neurons in macaque retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. Interactions between cone signals feeding into these neurons are still unclear. On the basis of experimental results with chromatic adaptation, excitatory and inhibitory inputs from L and M cones onto P cells (and parvocellular neurons) were thought to be quite specific (Fig. 1a). But these experiments with spatially diffuse adaptation did not rule out the 'mixed-surround' hypothesis: that there might be one cone-specific mechanism, the receptive field centre, and a surround mechanism connected to all cone types indiscriminately (Fig. 1e). Recent work has tended to support the mixed-surround hypothesis. We report here the development of new stimuli to measure spatial maps of the linear L-, M- and S-cone inputs to test the hypothesis definitively. Our measurements contradict the mixed-surround hypothesis and imply cone specificity in both centre and surround.     

GABA and GAD immunoreactivity of photoreceptor terminals in primate retina

Within the vertebrate retina, two types of photoreceptor cells--the rods and cones--transduce visual signals and convey this information through synapses with bipolar and horizontal cells. Although the neurotransmitter at these first-order synapses has not been identified, electrophysiological studies suggest that it might be excitatory. In the present study, however, we have found photoreceptor terminals in the rhesus monkey retina which are immunoreactive with antibodies to either gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA). In the perifoveal region of the retina, approximately 25% of presynaptic profiles having ultrastructural characteristics of either rod or cone terminals are immunoreactive with one or the other antibody. This evidence for a putatively inhibitory neurotransmitter in photoreceptor terminals challenges present understanding of retinal synaptic function.     

Restoration of vision after transplantation of photoreceptors

Cell transplantation is a potential strategy for treating blindness caused by the loss of photoreceptors. Although transplanted rod-precursor cells are able to migrate into the adult retina and differentiate to acquire the specialized morphological features of mature photoreceptor cells, the fundamental question remains whether transplantation of photoreceptor cells can actually improve vision. Here we provide evidence of functional rod-mediated vision after photoreceptor transplantation in adult Gnat1?/? mice, which lack rod function and are a model of congenital stationary night blindness. We show that transplanted rod precursors form classic triad synaptic connections with second-order bipolar and horizontal cells in the recipient retina. The newly integrated photoreceptor cells are light-responsive with dim-flash kinetics similar to adult wild-type photoreceptors. By using intrinsic imaging under scotopic conditions we demonstrate that visual signals generated by transplanted rods are projected to higher visual areas, including V1. Moreover, these cells are capable of driving optokinetic head tracking and visually guided behaviour in the Gnat1?/? mouse under scotopic conditions. Together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of photoreceptor transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for restoring vision after retinal degeneration.     

二维线性系统脉冲传递函数估计的渐近性质

利用离散的平稳高斯过程族作为二维线性系统的输入和输出来对其脉冲传递函数进行了估计,并讨论了脉冲传递函数估计的渐近性质和极限定理.     

蛙视网膜信息加工模式的数学模拟

把视网膜外网状层看作平面－时间三维系统，其输入为视网膜照度，其输入视网膜照度，输出是由双极细胞传到下级系统的感受器电位。设想该系统的信息加工模式；感光细胞除直接向双极细胞输出一个神经信号外，还向水平细胞输出一个神经班房天水平细胞体内横向传播，形成一个圆形接受城，其强度在以指数式衰减，舆到双极细胞后形成抵制信号；输入双极细胞的两个信号都指数式衰减，根据信息加工模式建立数学模型，得到信息加工模式建立数     

Retinal light adaptation--evidence for a feedback mechanism

Light adaptation is the adjustment of retinal response properties to variations in ambient illumination. It enables the encoding of visual information over a millionfold intensity range, from moonlight to broad daylight, despite the relatively small dynamic range of response of visual neurones. We have studied the effects of light adaptation on the dynamics and sensitivity of visual responses of neurones in the turtle retina, by measuring the responses of horizontal cells in the retina to light which was modulated with a sinusoidal time course around various mean levels. As a quantitative measure of the transduction from light to neural signals, we calculated the gain of response at each frequency. Gain is defined as the amplitude of the modulated response component divided by the amplitude of light modulation. We report here that the gain (mV photon-1) at low temporal frequencies decreased as the mean light level increased. Over a 2 log-unit range of mean light levels, low-frequency gain was inversely proportional to the mean light level, as in Weber's law. However, at high temporal frequencies, the gain was almost independent of mean light level. Our results are reminiscent of Kelly's results on human temporal-frequency sensitivity in various states of light adaptation. We found that a family of horizontal-cell temporal frequency responses, measured at various mean light levels, could be accounted for by a negative feedback model in which the feedback strength is proportional to mean light level.     

Parallel colour-opponent pathways to primary visual cortex

The trichromatic primate retina parses the colour content of a visual scene into 'red/green' and 'blue/yellow' representations. Cortical circuits must combine the information encoded in these colour-opponent signals to reconstruct the full range of perceived colours. Red/green and blue/yellow inputs are relayed by the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus to primary visual cortex (V1), so understanding how cortical circuits transform these signals requires understanding how LGN inputs to V1 are organized. Here we report direct recordings from LGN afferent axons in muscimol-inactivated V1. We found that blue/yellow afferents terminated exclusively in superficial cortical layers 3B and 4A, whereas red/green afferents were encountered only in deeper cortex, in lower layer 4C. We also describe a distinct cortical target for 'blue-OFF' cells, whose afferents terminated in layer 4A and seemed patchy in organization. The more common 'blue-ON' afferents were found in 4A as well as lower layer 2/3. Chromatic information is thus conveyed to V1 by parallel, anatomically segregated colour-opponent systems, to be combined at a later stage of the colour circuit.     

熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡光谱信号的品质

基于对电弧光谱动态特征的认识，在实验的基础上获得了不同过渡形式下熔滴过渡的光谱信号，通过与电弧电信号和电弧光强信号的对比，发现以光谱信号检测熔滴过渡，具有工艺适应性宽、信号强度大和信噪比高等优点，因此可以认为光谱信号具备最佳的信号品质。     

Transmembrane semaphorin signalling controls laminar stratification in the mammalian retina

In the vertebrate retina, establishment of precise synaptic connections among distinct retinal neuron cell types is critical for processing visual information and for accurate visual perception. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), amacrine cells and bipolar cells establish stereotypic neurite arborization patterns to form functional neural circuits in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), a laminar region that is conventionally divided into five major parallel sublaminae. However, the molecular mechanisms governing distinct retinal subtype targeting to specific sublaminae within the IPL remain to be elucidated. Here we show that the transmembrane semaphorin Sema6A signals through its receptor PlexinA4 (PlexA4) to control lamina-specific neuronal stratification in the mouse retina. Expression analyses demonstrate that Sema6A and PlexA4 proteins are expressed in a complementary fashion in the developing retina: Sema6A in most ON sublaminae and PlexA4 in OFF sublaminae of the IPL. Mice with null mutations in PlexA4 or Sema6A exhibit severe defects in stereotypic lamina-specific neurite arborization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-expressing dopaminergic amacrine cells, intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCs) and calbindin-positive cells in the IPL. Sema6A and PlexA4 genetically interact in vivo for the regulation of dopaminergic amacrine cell laminar targeting. Therefore, neuronal targeting to subdivisions of the IPL in the mammalian retina is directed by repulsive transmembrane guidance cues present on neuronal processes.     

短脉冲激光在散射性介质中传输的时域有限元分析

从瞬态辐射传输方程出发,利用最小二乘变分原理,发展了基于离散坐标形式辐射传输方程的最小二乘有限元方法,并将其用于模拟短脉冲激光在二维散射性介质中的瞬态传输现象.首先简要介绍了求解瞬态辐射传输方程的最小二乘有限元公式,然后以脉冲激光在生物介质中的应用为背景,考察了脉冲激光入射二维非均匀散射性介质的情况,调查了不同位置处时域信号的演化规律,为短脉冲激光在生物医学领域中的应用研究提供了有价值的参考数据.结果表明:对于局部短脉冲入射条件下的非均匀散射性介质,早期的时域反射信号能够较多地反映出介质光学属性分布信息,而距离入射光源较远的测量位置,由于辐射信号经过了较长时间的衰减,所包含的介质光学属性分布信息较少.     

ETL电力载波机中频信号变送电路的研制

把频分复用的两路信号进行分离，然后对各信号完成频率致电压的转换（FTV）和幅度检测（Detector），以达到对中频信号的变送。     

A common progenitor for neurons and glia persists in rat retina late in development

Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer was used to mark cell lineages in vivo in the postnatal rat retina. Labelled clones contained up to three different cell types: three types of neurons or two types of neurons and a Müller glial cell. This indicates that a single retinal progenitor can generate remarkably diverse cell types near the end of development.     

一种应用于人体活动识别的迁移学习算法

通过采集可穿戴运动传感器信号,并利用迁移学习克服数据分布不一致来识别人体日常行为成为当下主流.利用可穿戴传感器采集信号,会产生影响迁移效果的噪声样本,传统的算法缺少对这部分样本的处理.针对这一问题,在传统算法的基础上进行改进,引入了基于马氏距离的样本筛选算法,提出了可用于人体活动识别的迁移学习算法T-WMD,并在两个公开的人体活动识别数据集上与其他5种算法进行对比实验.结果表明提出的算法可以有效地提升迁移学习效果.     

脉冲参数对脉冲MIG焊焊接行为的影响研究

针对自行开发的软开关逆变电源,设计了脉冲参数影响规律研究的工艺实验平台。实验根据一脉一滴的原则,改变峰值电流、峰值时间、基值时间,采用小波分析仪采集焊接过程的电流电压信号,并用高速摄像机获取熔滴过渡图像,结合两者处理结果分析表明,脉冲参数直接影响熔滴过渡过程,峰值电流和峰值时间之积对熔滴过渡影响显著,基值时间和基值电流对熔滴过渡影响不大。     

ON and OFF pathways in Drosophila motion vision

Motion vision is a major function of all visual systems, yet the underlying neural mechanisms and circuits are still elusive. In the lamina, the first optic neuropile of Drosophila melanogaster, photoreceptor signals split into five parallel pathways, L1-L5. Here we examine how these pathways contribute to visual motion detection by combining genetic block and reconstitution of neural activity in different lamina cell types with whole-cell recordings from downstream motion-sensitive neurons. We find reduced responses to moving gratings if L1 or L2 is blocked; however, reconstitution of photoreceptor input to only L1 or L2 results in wild-type responses. Thus, the first experiment indicates the necessity of both pathways, whereas the second indicates sufficiency of each single pathway. This contradiction can be explained by electrical coupling between L1 and L2, allowing for activation of both pathways even when only one of them receives photoreceptor input. A fundamental difference between the L1 pathway and the L2 pathway is uncovered when blocking L1 or L2 output while presenting moving edges of positive (ON) or negative (OFF) contrast polarity: blocking L1 eliminates the response to moving ON edges, whereas blocking L2 eliminates the response to moving OFF edges. Thus, similar to the segregation of photoreceptor signals in ON and OFF bipolar cell pathways in the vertebrate retina, photoreceptor signals segregate into ON-L1 and OFF-L2 channels in the lamina of Drosophila.     

Interactions between enkephalin and GABA in avian retina

In addition to conventional neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a number of peptide-immunoreactive substances have recently been localized in the vertebrate retina. The functional roles of these retinal peptides and their interactions with conventional neurotransmitters are largely unknown. We have previously shown that exogenous opiates affect both the release of GABA and the firing patterns of ganglion cells in the goldfish retina, and we have now begun a systematic characterization of the opioid pathways in the chicken retina, because, among vertebrate retinas, avian retinas contain the highest concentration of enkephalins. Monoclonal antibodies specific for enkephalin have been used to demonstrate that a subpopulation of enkephalin-containing amacrine cells exists in the chicken retina. This retina also synthesizes Met-enkephalin and releases it on cell depolarization. The enkephalin-induced inhibition of GABA release in goldfish retina led us to examine whether similar interactions occur in chicken, and if so, whether enkephalins and GABA coexist in the same amacrine cells. Our results, presented here, indicate that exogenous enkephalins do indeed inhibit GABA release in the chicken retina. Surprisingly, we found that although some amacrine cells contain both enkephalin and GABA, others contain only one or the other.     

Horizontal cell synapses onto glycine-accumulating interplexiform cells

Horizontal cells mediate lateral transmission of signals in the outer plexiform layer of the vertebrate retina, and are presumed to contribute to surround properties of photoreceptors and bipolar cells by chemical transmission. The cell bodies and dendrites of fish horizontal cells possess presynaptic specializations characteristic of conventional chemical synapses. Horizontal cell axon terminals have not so far been shown to contain presynaptic specializations nor have the targets of the somatic and dendritic synapses been fully characterized. Using electron microscope autoradiography of retinas labelled by high-affinity 3H-glycine uptake, we show here that goldfish horizontal cells make somatodendritic and axodendritic synapses on glycinergic interplexiform cells (Gly-IPCs) as apposed to dopaminergic interplexiform cells. Thus, horizontal cells have at least three postsynaptic targets: photoreceptors, bipolar cells and Gly-IPCs. Gly-IPCs may constitute a major alternative pathway for horizontal cell signals to reach the inner plexiform layer.     

基于Lamb波无基准方法的裂纹检测

传统的结构健康监测技术容易受到温度、振动噪音等与结构缺陷无关的因素影响.为了克服这一缺陷,发展了一种基于传递阻抗的无基准裂纹检测方法.该方法既不需要基准数据,也不需要损伤阈值,而是利用裂纹导致的Lamb波模式转换效应和PZT极化特性从两组并排的PZT元件间获取传递阻抗,通过比较传递阻抗的能量来判断裂纹是否存在.仿真和实验表明,该方法无需选择最优的激励频率和采样时间即可实现对裂纹的检测,具有较强的鲁棒性和适用性.     

蒸汽发生器传热管电涡流检测探头响应的理论建模与仿真

为了研究蒸汽发生器传热管缺陷与探头信号的定量关系以实现缺陷的自动定量检测,利用有限元方法建立了蒸汽发生器传热管电涡流检测探头响应的理论模型。通过仿真和实验研究环形槽和腐蚀坑两种典型缺陷的探头响应信号,发现仿真与实验结果的规律一致,验证了所建模型的正确性。随后,应用本文所建理论模型仿真研究了缺陷位置和大小对探头信号的影响规律。结果表明:在优化工作频率的前提下,内壁缺陷和外壁缺陷的信号相位差异显著,探头信号的强弱主要取决于缺陷大小。据此,可根据探头信号的相位识别缺陷位置,根据探头信号的大小量化缺陷参数。该研究成果可为蒸汽发生器传热管电涡流检测探头信号的自动分析提供理论依据。