Reconstruction of temperature series in China for the last 5000 years

A temperature series with a 100 year resolution for the last 5000 years in China has been reconstructed by using 31 long-term temperature proxy series selected from recent publications in the last 20 years. The proxy records include pollens, stalagmites, lake-sediments, peat, ice cores and historical documents. The result reveals that in the millennial scale temperature variation it was warm in 3050-250 BC and it was cold in 250 BC-1950 AD. In the above two periods there were many stages of sub-scale temperature fluctuations. The result also shows an obvious temperature discrepancy on the century to multi-century scale between the Eastern Monsoon Region, the Qinghai-Tibet Region and the Northwestern Region in 2850 BC, 2350 BC, 1350 BC, 950-350 BC, 50-250 AD, and 550 AD. A comparison between the reconstructed series of this paper and some North Hemisphere temperature series indicates that in the long-term scale change, the temperature change in China is in phrase with that of the Northern Hemisphere during the last 5000 years, while on the century to multi-century scale there are differences at the beginning and end times, which may imply that temperature change does not occur simultaneously in different regions.     

Global mean temperature changes during the last millennium

A synthetic study is made on the global or hemispheric mean temperature series for the last millennium worked out by Mann et al., Jones et al., Crowley and Lowery, and Briffa. The global mean temperature series reconstructed by using proxy data at 30 sites by Wang et al. and simulations from AD 1000 to 2000 by energy balance model are described and compared with the series of others. Wang's series gives greater variability and shows the highest correlation coefficient (0.83) with the simulation results. Uncertainties in the reconstructions and simulations are discussed. The errors in reconstructing a global mean temperature series according to 30 sites as used in the research are estimated. Wang's series indicate that temperature average for the 11th century is higher than the mean of the last millennium. It infers that the Medieval Warm Period predominated to some extent over the globe. However, the 20th century is no doubt the warmest century during the last millennium.     

近50a皖北地区气温变化特征分析

选取皖北地区5个代表气象站1957～2007年的逐月气温数据,采用线性倾向估计和累积距平等方法,研究了皖北地区气温变化的趋势和空间差异.结果表明:①近50a皖北地区的年平均气温升高约1.3℃,增温率0.25℃/10a;20世纪90年代开始气温快速升高,增暖明显.②四季气温的变化有明显差异,除夏季外,春、秋、冬3季气温均呈上升趋势,气温分别升高了1.7,1.4,1.8℃;增温率分别为0.34,0.27,0.36℃/10a;增温幅度从大到小依次为冬季、春季和秋季.③皖北地区东部的宿州和东南部的蚌埠增暖明显,增温幅度较大;皖北地区西北部的砀山、西部的亳州和西南部的阜阳增温幅度较小.气温异常偏高年份多出现在90年代以后,1991～2007年的17a中,气温异常偏高及以上等级出现10a,占59%.     

Reconstruction of temperature series of China for the last 1000 years

This paper reports a study on reconstructing temperature series for ten regions of China over the last 1000 years with a time resolution of 10 a. The regions concerned are: Northeast, North, East, South China, Taiwan, Central, Southwest, Northwest China, Xinjiang and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A variety of proxy data, such as ice core, tree-rings, stalagmites, peat, lake sediments, pollen and historical records, were validated with instrumental observations made in the last 120 years, and applied in the recon- struction of the temperature series. A temperature series for whole China is then established by aver- aging the ten regional series with a weighting proportional to the area of each region. Finally, tem- perature variations for the last 1000 years are examined, with special focus placed on the characteris- tics of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), the Little Ice Age (LIA), and Modern Warming (MW).     

Simulated and reconstructed winter temperature in the eastern China during the last millennium

Since the 1990s, under the auspicious impetus of two international research programs, the “Past Global Changes” (PAGES) and the “Climate Variability and Pre- dictability” (CLIVAR), massive research work has been carried out on climate and environment changes over the past 2000 years[1-3]. But majority of the studies has been centered on obtaining various kinds of climatic proxy data (such as historical documents, tree rings, ice cores, lake cores) and focused on the reconstruction of…     

Key points on temperature change of the past 2000 years in China

Itisimportanttostudythetemperaturechangeduringthepast 2 0 0 0 yearsforunderstandingtheis suessuchasthegreenhouseeffectandglobalwarminginducedbyhumanactivities .Chinahasadvantagesinreconstructinghistoricalclimatechangeforitsabun dantdocumentedhistoricalrecordsandothernaturalevidenceobtainedfromtreerings ,lakesediments ,icecores ,andstalagmite .SinceDr .Chulaidafounda tiononthestudyoftemperaturechangeinChinaforthepast 5 0 0 0 years[1] ,significantprogressinthestudyoftemperaturechangeofthepast 2…     

果品入库期库温与霜温动态变化分析

为研究双温双控冷库在果品入库期库温与霜温的动态变化,以lOt双温双控冷库为试验库,分别在果品进入冷库前、果品入库期和入库1d后的3段时间内,利用热电偶和数据采集系统监测并分析了库温和霜温的动态变化．结果表明：双温双控冷库在果品入库期,库温升高,改变了原来稳定的状态,周期用时延长且由3个阶段变为2个阶段,耗能增加;在制冷阶段,出现先降温后升温的现象,霜温最低值达到仪表设定的下限-10．0℃,此时段冷库由霜温控制;双温双控冷库在果品入库阶段能及时化霜,避免制冷效率大幅下降．入库1d后,库温恢复稳定,但周期用时增加．     

土地利用对中国东部地面温度变化的影响

为探索土地利用对气候变化的影响,基于站点观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料的地面最高、最低温度,采用观测资料减去再分析资料的方法(OMR),研究了1979-2008年我国东部区域地面温度的变化及不同土地利用类型对地面温度变化的影响。研究表明,1979-2008年,研究区域的地面最高、最低温度增加显著,变化趋势分别为0.45和0.47℃/10a;总体上,土地利用状况导致的地面最高温度变化较小,由此导致的地面最低温度变化占最低温度变化总量的25.1%;城镇对地面最高、最低温度的影响最显著,耕地对地面温度日较差的影响最显著;夏、秋季土地利用状况对地面最高、最低温度变化的影响以降低或者增加幅度较小为主,而在春、冬季则主要导致地面温度上升。     

Multimodel projections and uncertainties of net ecosystem production in China over the twenty-first century

Ecosystems in China have been absorbing anthropogenic CO2 over the last three decades. Here, we assess future carbon uptake in China using models from phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project under four socio-economic scenarios. The average of China＇s carbon sink from 2006 to 2100 represented by multimodel mean net ecosystem production （NEP） is projected to increase （relative to averaged NEP from 1976 to 2005） in the range of 0.137 and 0.891 PgC a^-1 across different scenarios. Increases in NEP are driven by increases in net primary production exceeding increases in heterotrophic respiration, and future carbon sink is mainly attributed to areas located in eastern China. However, there exists a considerable model spread in the magnitude of carbon sink and model spread tends to be larger when future climate change becomes more intense. The model spread may result from intermodel discrepancy in the magnitude of CO2 fertilization effect on photosynthesis, soil carbon turnover time, presence of carbon-nitrogen cycle and interpretation of land-use changes. For better quantifying future carbon cycle, a research priority toward improving model representation of these processes is recommended.     

Regional difference of aridity/ humidity conditions change over China during the last thirty years

Scientists have found that the global average surface temperature has increased by 0.6±0.2℃ since the late 19th century based on various evidence[1]. From the 1980s, temperature has experienced the most rapid warming to an extent of abrupt change statistically[2,3]. Global warming has attracted extensive attention from multiple depart-ments and has been an important issue related to global politics. Many scientific communities have made great efforts on climate change research and global env…     

Spatiotemporal distribution and decadal change of the monthly temperature predictability limit in China

Based on the nonlinear Lyapunov exponent and nonlinear error growth dynamics, the spatiotemporal distribution and decadal change of the monthly temperature predictability limit （MTPL） in China is quantitatively analyzed. Data used are daily temperature of 518 stations from 1960 to 2011 in China. The results are summarized as follows： （1） The spatial distribution of MTPL varies regionally. MTPL is higher in most areas of Northeast China, southwest Yunnan Province, and the eastern part of Northwest China. MTPL is lower in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huang-huai Basin. （2） The spatial distribution of MTPL varies distinctly with seasons. MTPL is higher in boreal summer than in boreal winter. （3） MTPL has had distinct decadal changes in China, with increase since the 1970s and decrease since 2000. Especially in the northeast part of the country, MTPL has significantly increased since 1986. Decadal change of MTPL in Northwest China, Northeast China and the Huang-huai Basin may have a close relationship with the persistence of temperature anomaly. Since the beginning of the 21st century, MTPL has decreased slowly in most of the country, except for the south. The research provides a scientific foundation to understand the mechanism of monthly temperature anomalies and an important reference for improvement of monthly temperature prediction.     

Pulleniatina Minimum Event during the last deglaciation in the southern South China Sea

The planktonic foraminiferal faunal census of core MD 05-2894 （7°2.25′N, 111°33.11′E, water depth 1982 m）, retrieved from the southern South China Sea （SCS） during the ＂Marco Polo＂ cruise in 2005, was performed to investigate the abundance changes of a subsurface dweller, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata. The results display that the abundance of P. obliquiloculata nearly declines to zero during 16.0--14.9 ka, corresponding to the Heinrich 1 （H1） cold interval. The unexpected decrease of P. obliquiloculata occurs in the adjacent cores, roughly between 17 and 14.8 ka based on the previous studies. Accordingly, the Pulleniatina Minimum Event in the last deglaciation can serve as a good stratigraphical indicator, at least in the southern SCS. To further explore the changes of sea surface temperature （SST） and subsurface seawater temperature （SSST）, we made parallel Mg/Ca measurements on surface dweller Globigerinoides tuber and subsurface dweller P. obliquiloculata tests. Since the last deglaciation, the SSTs show a continuous increasing trend towards the late Holocene, while the warming of the subsurface water is punctuated by a 2℃-cooling interval across the deglacial Pulleniatina Minimum Event. Both increased 5180 differences between G. ruber and P. obliquiloculata, and increased temperature differences between surface and subsurface water suggest a shoaling of the mixed layer during the deglacial Pulleniatina Minimum Event. Therefore, we consider that the significant changes in the upper ocean structure are responsible for the Pulleniatina Minimum Event during the last deglaciation in the southern SCS.     

Sea surface temperature and subtropical front movement in the South Tasman Sea during the last 800 ka

Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude westerlies contribute to the ventilation of the deep Southern Ocean (SO), and drive changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and the global climate. As the westerlies control directly oceanic fronts, the movement of the subtropical front (STF) reflects the westerlies migration. Thus it is important to understand the relationships between STF movement and the weaterlies, ventilation of the deep SO, ice volume and atmospheric CO₂. To this end, we use two new high-resolution records from early Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 20 (~800 ka) of sea surface temperature (SST) based on Uk’ 37 paleo-thermometer and benthic oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸OB) at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1170B in the southern Tasman Sea (STS), to construct linkages between the marine records and atmospheric proxies from Antarctic ice-cores. During the last 800 ka, the average SST (10.2°C) at Site 1170B is 1.8°C lower than today (annual average 12°C). The highest average SST of 11.6°C occurred during MIS 1, and the lowest average SST of 7.8°C occurred during MIS 2. The warmest and coldest records of 14.7°C and 6.2°C occurred in the MIS 5 and MIS 2, respectively. In the glacial-interglacial cycles of the last 800 ka, variability of reconstructed SST shows that the STF moved northward or southward more than 3° of latitude compared with its present location. In the warmest stage MIS 5, the STF shifted to its southernmost location of ~49°S. In contrast, in the coldest stage MIS 2, the STF moved to its northernmost location of ~43°S. In response to orbital cycles, the westerlies movement led ice volume and atmospheric CO₂ changes, but it was in phase with change in Antarctic atmospheric temperature. Ice volume only preceded atmospheric CO₂ only a little at the 23-ka precession band, lagged the atmospheric CO₂ at the 100-ka eccentricity band, and was in phase with atmospheric CO₂ at the 40-ka obliquity band.     

全球对流层顶温度场演变的气候学特征分析

 利用经验正交函数分解(EOF)方法对57 a(1948~2004年)NCEP/NCAR全球对流层顶月平均温度场进行分析,并讨论了57 a的主要特征向量空间分布及其对应的时间系数的演变,结果分析表明:第1模态的时空分布特征能够较好地反映对流层顶温度场结构的分布状况,且具有明显的季节变化;南北半球的温度场的空间分布结构不太一致,南半球纬向分布较为平稳,而北半球经向和纬向活动都比较强,且有明显的温度槽脊结构;南北半球的极地对流层顶温度结构在不同的季节有不同的变化趋势;南北半球热带对流层的第1模态温度场全年具有整体一致型分布;温度场各个季节的时间系数变化具有明显的多时间尺度特征.     

吉林西部近50年来的气温变化趋势分析

根据长岭气象站1953-2001年实测气温资料,分析研究了吉林省西部近50年来的气温变化趋势.结果表明:吉林西部地区平均气温以每10年0.4℃的速度升高,并且80年代后期以来增温速度最快,达每10年0.6℃.不同季节平均气温以冬季增温最大,为每10年0.6℃;其次是春季,每10年0.4℃;而夏秋两季为每10年0.2℃,并且不存在夏季降温.极端最低气温呈明显升高趋势,特别是90年代中后期,而极端最高气温略有升高.本世纪的头两年冬季气温明显回落,其极端最低气温甚至达到了近50年来的最低值.     

Reconstruction of sea surface temperature series in the last 220 years by use of reef corals in Xisha waters, South China Sea

On the basis of construction of the growth rate thermometers by use ofPorites Iutea from the northern part of the South China Sea and the hindcast sea surface temperature (SST) in the last 100 years, we reconstructed the SST series in the past 220 years in the Xisha waters and analyzed the characteristics of the climatic change of that period. The results show that the low and high SST changes in the last 220 years in the Xisha waters appeared in the stage and the quasi-periodic variation within the century scale. The range of annual SST variation in the interage was increasing. The SST values were slightly rising during the last 100 years.     

近50年来浙江宁波地区高温期水热变化研究———以宁波市鄞州站为例

本文选取1961—2013年宁波鄞州气象站地面观测数据,运用趋势分析、突变分析、相关性分析等方法,开展宁波地区高温期水热变化研究.得出以下结论:1)自1961年以来,宁波地区高温期温度和降水呈缓慢上升的趋势,相对湿度出现明显下降,其中温度上升是导致该地区相对湿度下降的主要因素;2)相对湿度变化在20世纪末、21世纪初出现突变,突变后相对湿度下降更加明显,有明显向"暖干"气候转变的趋势;3)2000—2013年,高温天气下的温度与相对湿度呈现明显的负相关,温度与相对湿度的相关系数达到了历史最高值0.633.高温天气成为近10年来相对湿度明显下降的决定性因素.     

近50年来吉林省气温和降水变化趋势分析

利用近50年来吉林省20个气象站1953—2001年的气温及降水观测数据,采用DB16正交小波分析、非参数统计检验Mann-kendall法对气温与降水的变化趋势进行了研究.结果表明:近50年来,吉林省气温存在明显的增温趋势,降水呈现减少趋势;在不同的时间尺度上,气温、降水的变化趋势存在差异,尺度越大趋势性反应的越明显;气温、降水的年季变化趋势在空间分布上有所不同.     

延安市1980—2010年气温和降水的年际变化特征

选取延安市及周边14个气象站点1980—2010年逐月气象资料,利用自然邻点插值法对气象站点数据进行空间插值,得到延安市的年均气温和降水量,利用趋势分析、小波分析和极端变化分析方法,研究延安市气温和降水量的变化规律。结果表明:1980—2010年间,延安市气候变暖,年际气温持续升高,每10 a递增0.71 ℃,幅度较大; 降水量呈小幅减少趋势,但年际波动较大。研究区气温和降水长周期变化规律存在很大的相似性,但5～10 a短周期变化差异明显,且震荡规律性减弱,相比而言,气温变化较降水量变化的稳定性强,变化规律更有序。     

Decadal change of the East Asian summer monsoon and its related surface temperature in Asia-Pacific during 1880–2004

The East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and its related change of surface temperature in the past century were not clearly ad- dressed due to absence of atmospheric reanalysis data before 1948. On the benchmark of station-observed sea level pressure （SLP） in China, we utilized multiple SLP datasets and evaluated their qualities in measuring the SLP-based EASM index （EASMI）. It is found that the EASMI based on the SLP of the Hadley center version 2 （HadSLP2） has shown the best performance on the inter- annual and decadal time scales. Instead of showing a linear weakening trend pointed out by the previous study, the EASMI has likely exhibited the decadal variability, characterized by weakened trends during 1880-1906, 1921-1936, and 1960-2004, and with enhanced trends during 1906-1921 and 1936-1960, respectively. Corresponding to the weakened and enhanced periods of EASMI since the 1920s, the surface air temperature （SAT） index （SATI） averaged in eastern China has likely shown a warming and a cooling trend, respectively. However, the decadal abrupt transitions between the two indices do not occur concurrently, which results in a weak correlation between two indices on the decadal time scale. Further analysis indicates that there are four key regions where the SAT is significantly correlated with the EASMI, suggesting the joint impact of surface temperature in Asia-Pacific on the EASM during 1880-2004. In which, the decadal change of SAT near the Lake Baikal plays an important role in the linear trends of the EASM before and after 1960.