调吡脲生产废液中甲苯和2-氯-4-氨基吡啶的回收利用研究

对调吡脲(氯吡脲/CPPU)生产过程中产生的废液中的甲苯和2-氯-4-氨基吡啶进行了回收利用研究,考察和优化了处理条件,得到甲苯的最佳回收工艺路线:用0.1 mol/L硫酸处理液与废液按1∶30的质量比加热回流2 h,经分液、干燥、过滤、蒸馏后得到回收甲苯,经气相色谱检测,纯度为99.4%.进一步对处理过甲苯的废液进行2-氯-4-氨基吡啶的回收研究,得到2-氯-4-氨基吡啶回收的最佳工艺条件为:废液pH为12～13,萃取时间为6 min,进行萃取剂与废液体积比为2的5级错流萃取,回收率达到94%以上,经液相色谱检测,纯度达到97.5%,实现了废弃物资源化利用的目的.     

西藏红景天主要成分在萃取体系中的分配行为

红景天甙和酪醇是西藏红景天的主要成分,在溶剂萃取体系中的分配行为尚不清楚。采用不同的溶剂萃取体系研究了西藏红景天浸提液中红景天甙和酪醇的分离效果,考察了预处理、pH值、萃取剂等条件对分配行为的影响。结果表明,浸提液经除鞣质预处理后可以降低萃取过程乳化现象;液-液两相萃取中,在pH值<9.0时,磷酸三丁酯(TBP)作为萃取剂时红景天甙和酪醇在有机相中质量分数分别可达60%和98%以上,下相可获得较纯的红景天甙溶液;采用TBP-聚乙二醇(PEG2000)-硫酸铵三相萃取体系,当pH值>10.0时,红景天甙主要分配于中间相和下相中,中间相约占70%,而酪醇主要分配在上相,约占65%以上,下相中质量分数低于5%。     

关于中性磷类萃取体系微乳现象的研究

通过分析几种中性磷类萃取剂(TBP、P205、P350、TRPO等)-稀释剂-水-酸体系中有机相的体积变化值、电导率值随着有机相中酸度变化的曲线和利用核磁共振与激光光散射等实验技术,探讨有机相中中性磷类萃取剂和H₂O、酸的结合情况以及萃取过程中生成的微乳现象。观察到在HCl、H₂SO₄和HClO₄体系的萃取过程中,在一定的酸度范围内,有机相中有聚集现象,即有反相胶束和微乳液生成。     

磷酸三丁酯络合萃取邻甲苯酚的研究

以磷酸三丁酯（TBP）为萃取剂,分别用正辛醇、氯仿、四氯化碳、石油醚和环己烷作为稀释剂萃取邻甲苯酚（o-cresol）稀溶液.系统研究了络合萃取剂对邻甲苯酚溶液的相平衡分配比;试验了萃取剂浓度、稀释剂种类、盐效应以及溶液pH值对萃取平衡分配比的影响;利用红外光谱测定了负载有机相中萃合物的结构,定性分析了络合萃取过程.     

胜利原油与水的界面张力研究

采用滴体积法测定了胜利原油与水的界面张力 ,用界面移动法测定了原油油滴在水中的电迁移率。并考察了水相盐浓度、pH值对油水界面张力及油滴电迁移率的影响。研究结果表明 ,原油 水的界面张力先是随水相中NaCl浓度的增大而减小 ,而后随水相中NaCl浓度的增大而增大 ,水相中NaCl的浓度为 2 %时 ,油水界面张力出现最小值。相应地 ,油滴在水中的电迁移率则是先增大后减小 ,在NaCl浓度为 2 %时达到最大值。在水相 pH值为 2～ 12时 ,原油水界面张力随pH值的变化规律是先增大后减小 ,在pH值为 4时达到最大值 ,而油滴在水中的电迁移率却随 pH值的增大而增大     

磷酸三丁酯络合萃取苯酚稀水溶液

以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂,苯酚稀水溶液为萃取对象,进行萃取特性、机理以及错流萃取实验的研究.考察了TBP浓度、盐种类和盐浓度以及温度对分配系数的影响,通过实验和对载苯酚络合物有机相的红外光谱分析,确定了其络合物的结构.研究表明:在煤油中TBP的浓度和水相中盐浓度的增加均使分配系数增大,且Na2SO4比NaC l的影响更大;萃取温度升高使分配系数减小,萃取过程的焓变值△H=-10.329 3 kJ/mol.萃取络合物的形式为C6H5OH.(TBP).三级错流萃取苯酚水溶液(初始质量浓度500 mg/L)达到国家规定的排放标准(<0.5 mg/L).     

胜利原油与水的界面张力研究

采用滴体积法测定了胜利原油与水的界面张力,用界面移动法测定了原油油滴在水中的电迁移率,并考察了水相盐浓度,pH值对油水界面张力及油滴电迁移率的影响,研究结果表明,原油－水的界面张力先是随水相中NaCl浓度的增大而减小,而后随水相中NaCl浓度的增大而增大,水相中NaCl的浓度为2％时,油－水界面张力出现最小值,相应地,油滴在水中的电迁移率则是先增大后减小,在NaCl浓度为2％时达到最大值,在水相pH值为2－12时,原油－水面界面张力随pH值的变化规律是先增大后减小,在pH值为4时达到最大值,而油滴在水中的电迁移率却随pH值的增大而增大。     

三辛基甲基氯化铵对废水中柠檬酸镍的萃取

利用三辛基甲基氯化铵为萃取剂,考察了不同烷烃稀释剂与不同醇类助溶剂组合对废水中柠檬酸镍的萃取效果及反萃取剂盐酸溶液对镍的反萃取效果.探讨了废水pH、萃取剂质量浓度、助溶荆体积分数、相体积比(废水相与有机相体积比)、萃取时间及反萃取剂浓度等工艺条件对萃取效果的影响.结果表明,煤油与癸醇组合对废水中柠檬酸的镍萃取效果最佳.在废水pH为9.00,萃取剂质量浓度为35%,助溶剂体积分数为20%,水相与有机相体积比为1时,室温下萃取30min,萃取率可达75.41%;用0.5mol/L盐酸溶液对萃取反应后有机相中的镍进行反萃取,反萃取率可达94.50%.     

络合萃取对煤制气洗涤废水中酚的回收

用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)和煤油组成溶剂萃取体系有机相,对煤制气洗涤过程中产生的高浓度含酚废水进行了萃取和反萃处理研究.探讨了影响苯酚萃取的因素如废水pH和TBP体积分数,考察了反萃剂氢氧化钠溶液质量分数对反萃效果的影响;同时,对萃取和反萃过程中有机相的重复使用问题进行了研究.实验结果表明,当废水的pH=3～6时,一级萃取率可达90%以上,CODCr去除率达到80%以上;二级萃取率达到40%左右,苯酚总的萃取率达到95%以上;当氢氧化钠溶液质量分数为4%～10%时,反萃率可达80%以上;TBP-煤油有机相可在萃取和反萃的过程中多次重复使用.     

吡啶-水-碳酸钾体系的液-液相平衡研究

将碳酸钾加入到吡啶-水体系中时,可产生水富集相(水相)和吡啶富集相(吡啶相).实验测定了吡啶-水-碳酸钾体系在25℃时的液-液相平衡数据.当水相中w碳酸钾≥34.55%时,产生的吡啶相中含有可以忽略的盐、水相中含有可以忽略的吡啶;当水相中w碳酸钾为51.25%时,吡啶相中吡啶的含量可达到90.67%.因此,用碳酸钾可以有效地分离吡啶-水体系.采用Pitzer方程计算水相中水的活度,用Wilson、NRTL或UNIQUAC方程计算吡啶相中水的活度,将二者结合对液液相平衡数据进行理论计算.结果表明,采用Pitzer方程与UNIQUAC方程结合理论计算值与实验值吻合较好,其平均偏差水相为0.89%,吡啶相为0.92%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to