Ultrastrukturelle Pathologie als Weg zur Erfassung der Zelldynamik

Summary The historical development of the morphological approach is reviewed. The first attempts to use a functional-dynamic mode of attack were made byVirchow. The modern methods of morphology, such as autoradiography and morphometry, have shown more and more clearly that cells are governed by complex principles of organization which are closely connected with one another. It is principally catabolic and anabolic systems of function which ensure this organization. The fact that they are dynamic cell processes is also seen in the ultra-structural pathology, since, in response to injury, cells immediately show catabolic and also anabolic reactions. Thus the different influences upon the cell can probably be traced to simple basic phenomena.     

Kolbenzellen in der Epidermis der Galaxiidae,Galaxias attenuatus (Salmoniformes)

Summary The epidermis ofGalaxias attenuatus (Galaxiidae, Salmoniformes) was found to contain club cells that are like the alarm substance cells of the Gonorhynchiformes and Cypriniformes. Whether they are alarm substance cells, can be decided only by experiments on the fright reaction. The existence of club cells in the Galaxiidae confirms the opinion that both the Gonorhynchiformes and the Ostariophysi derived from salmonoid-like fish.     

Über die Herkunft der auf der Basalplatte liegenden,den intervillösen Raum begrenzenden Zellen bei der Geburtsplacenta des Menschen

Summary The basal plate of the human placenta in the last months of pregnancy is covered over with flattened endothelial-like cells against the intervillous space. These cells are sex-chromatin positive in more than 35% of the placentas of male newborns. For this reason we believe that they are endothelial cells of the maternal vessels which are spread out secondarily over the surface of the basal plate.     

The ratio between the fast and slow forms of bovine cytochrome c oxidase is changed by cholate or nucleotides bound to the cholate-binding site close to the cytochrome a3/CuB binuclear centre

We determined the fraction of 'slow' and 'fast' conformations of bovine cytochrome c oxidase, following the kinetics of cyanide binding to the oxidized enzyme. We investigated whether treatment of heart mitochondrial particles with different commercially available types of cholate (standard and ultrapure) can affect the fraction of cytochrome c oxidase in the two states. Compared to standard cholate, the use of ultra-pure cholate for solubilization of heart mitochondrial particles significantly increased the fraction of the fast enzyme. Complete homogeneity (approximately 100% fast) was observed when cytochrome c oxidase was solubilized with ultra-pure cholate from heart mitochondrial particles pre-equilibrated with AMP; equilibration with ADP yielded a much smaller fraction of fast enzyme (approximately 35%). These observations are discussed on the basis of the structural relationships between the known cholate-binding site and the binuclear cytochrome a3-CuB site: variation in the occupancy of this binding site with cholate or nucleotides may modify reactivity of the oxidized binuclear centre towards cyanide.     

Experimenteller Beitrag zur Frage der Mitochondrienfunktion

Summary In the phase microscope it can be seen that cloudy swelling is the consequence of an enlargement of the mitochondria, whereby the membrane of the mitochondria is detached from the body of the mitochondrion. An increased water intake seems to be the reason of this phenomenon.The intraperitoneal injection of hen egg albumen is followed after several hours by an accumulation of hyaline droplets in the protoplasma of the renal tubule cells. The PM reveals that this foreign protein is stored within the mitochondria, which are converted into brilliant granules. The same is true for the accumulation of vital dyes in kidney tubule cells, but in this case there is a combination of the dye with protein deriving from a slight lesion of the cells.     

Über einen Gradienten in der Samenschale vonCrepis capillaris bei der Keimung und seine mutmaßliche Bedeutung

Summary In the seed-coat ofCrepis capillaris a gradient is formed shortly before the germination. It consists in the growth of all the cells in a small, sharply delimited area at the end around the root-tip. This process takes place under a decrease of the thickness of the walls and a consumation of the reserve materials of the cells. The rest of the cells in the shell, which can not be distinguished from the cells of the pole during and after the swelling, remain at the same time unchanged. It is supposed that the gradient causes the germination of the root prior to the cotyledones. The investigations are being continued.     

Quantitative Untersuchungen über die Proteinsyntheseaktivität von Epidermiszellen während der Extremitätenregeneration der Urodelen

Summary In the regenerating urodele limb the epidermal cells increase their volume significantly. The nucleocytoplasmic volume ratio and the protein synthesis rate obviously change in a similar manner. But in this scheme the incorporation pattern of the cells in the wound epithelium and the apical cap differs from that of all other epidermal cells by an approximately constant rate.

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Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Entwicklung der Symbiontenorgane einer Kleinzikade (Euscelis plebejus Fall.) nach Ausschaltung der Symbionten

Summary Embryos of the leafhopperEuscelis plebejus Fall. deprived of their intracellular symbionts are known to develop larval mycetomes of apparently normal topography late in embryogenesis. New experiments indicate that even the provisional mycetome preceding the larval structure is formed during early development of asymbiotic eggs.     

Form und Zellzahl der akustischen Nervenzentren in der Medulla oblongata von Eulen (Striges)

Summary The special form and the number of nerve cells of the auditory centres in the owl's medulla are described and compared with those of other birds. The highest degree of differentiation is found in the most nocturnal species,Tyto alba. Comparing the number of auditory nerve cells in the medulla with the weight of the brain in birds of different size, an unexpectedly low rate of increase was found.     

Die Genomsonderung in den Mitosen der Rattenleber

Summary Model squashes with gelatine cubes containing 8 files like the chromosomes ofBellevalia romana (2n=8) showed the chromosomes only in groupings that correspond to the original position of metaphase chromosomes. The metaphase chromosomes in root tip cells ofBellevalia romana are arranged at random; there is neither somatic pairing nor genome segregation (= grouping of metaphase chromosomes into two complete chromosome sets). In contradiction to these results, the chromosomes in the regenerating liver cells (2n=42) show a certain precentage of grouping into complete genomes. It is concluded that in rat liver cells a mechanism exists which, starting with the genome segregation, may produce a change in chromosome number. Thus these same euploid or aneuploid chromosome numbers can be explained which are really observed in normal and treated rat liver. 4 possibilities of such mechanism are discussed.

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Nach einem Vortrag, gehalten anlässlich des IV. Symposium histologicum internationale Lausanne (Suisse), 5.–8. September 1961.     

Quantitative Bestimmung der Zellwachstumshemmung

Summary The influence of five cytostatic substances on the colony-forming capacity of cells of the strain Detroit 6 was examined, and the advantages of this method for thein vitro screening of cytostatic substances was pointed out.     

Neuere Entwicklungen in der Massenspektroskopie

Summary A short survey is given of the present state of development of the mass-spectroscopic apparatus and methods, and their application in physics, chemistry, geology, and biology. The development of this field during the last 10 years especially is treated. For the study of questions of detail which could only be touched upon in this summary, an extensive literature is attached.     

Fehlen der Ascorbinsäure inRhodospirillum rubrum

Summary Cells ofRhodospirillum rubrum were cultured aerobically or semiaerobically in the dark and anaerobically in the light. The investigation of acid extracts of these cells showed, that this bacterium contained no ascorbic acid under all conditions of cultivation.     

Ordnungsprinzipien der Kristallwelt

Summary The author discusses the governing principles for the world of crystals, and sketches the development of the conception of crystal. The morphological investigations of mineralogists have led, by way of critical ordering and intuition, to principles and laws which make the spatial structure (Raumgitterstruktur) of crystalline material necessary. This working hypothesis was later confirmed by new experimental methods. The author points out the numerous analogies to other natural systems.     

Lysozymempfindlichkeit der SpeziesB. megaterium

Summary The 54 strains ofB. megaterium examined could be divided broadly into 2 groups on the basis of their lysozyme sensitivity. In most of the large-celled strains the cell walls were incompletely digested. Loss of turbidity on addition of lysozyme was comparatively slight and few free protoplasts were formed in the presence of saccharose. In contrast, the small-celled strains usually showed a marked drop in turbidity and complete protoplast formation could be obtained.These results suggest that, in some strains ofB. megaterium, particularly those possessing very large cells, certain substances are included in the cell walls which are not depolymerized by lysozyme.     

Die Anwendung der wiederholten Entwicklung zur Trennung der Steroide auf dem Papier

Summary A method of repeated development with use of different solvents on paper impregnated with formamid was used for the separation of certain steroids. Steroids of very different polarity as estrogens were well separated with one single chromatogram.     

Zur Histologie der Lungenveränderungen bei der Valléeschen Krankheit

Summary 31 lungs of cases of infectious anemia and 7 lungs showing other diseases of horses, all with a good clinical history based on personal observation, were studied.All subacute and chronic cases of infectious anemia showed distinct swelling and proliferation of endothelial cells both in the capillaries and small blood vessels. These changes were absent in other diseases as well as in old latent and very recent acute cases of infectious anemia.     

Neuformulierung der Kristallographie

Summary A consideration of symmetry in any object or process entails essentially a correlation between parts of a unit or between unit and unit. Enquiry must be made as to what is geometrically distinguishable or indistinguishable and an attempt undertaken to discover the pattern underlying apparent disorder.Crystallography has been the science in which the principles of symmetry have been most extensively applied and received their fullest development. Naturally enough, the system evolved for formulating the symmetry inherent in crystals has been adapted to the specific problems the crystallographer sets out to solve.Such researches, however, go far beyond the bounds of ordinary geometric crystallography and are, in particular, an essential requisite for mastering the problems of stereochemistry. It is, therefore, obviously desirable to find a method of formulation which can be applied to any or all the problems in which the question of symmetry arises, such as the systematic ambiguities or the possible deformations of objects or processes endowed with symmetry. To this end the Element of Symmetry, traditional starting point of investigations into symmetry, must be replaced by the covering operations as such.Symmetry formulæ can be deduced, which beyond merely describing the features involved, permit the detailed numerical calculation of their development and variation. In this respect they must prove of value not only to the chemist in his investigation of isomers etc., but can usefully be adopted also by the crystallographer.A short introduction into this new method of formulation is given in the preceding pages.