铝质量分数对CL-20基炸药驱动筒壁能量输出结构影响

为探究铝粉质量分数对六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（CL-20）基炸药在爆炸驱动筒壁过程中能量输出结构的影响,考虑到筒壁及爆轰产物的轴向运动,基于微元法和爆轰产物状态方程建立了爆炸驱动过程中的能量输出模型. 设计了2种不同铝质量分数的CL-20基炸药（CA5、CA30）和对应的含氟化锂炸药（CF5、CF30）,开展直径50 mm的标准圆筒实验,应用光子多普勒测速仪记录圆筒壁膨胀速度. 计算结果表明:圆筒壁膨胀过程中,基体炸药质量分数由89%降至64%时,CL-20基含铝炸药和含氟化锂炸药驱动金属的能力降低;铝粉质量分数由5%增加到30%时,膨胀结束时刻的内能随之增加;不同氟化锂质量分数的CL-20基炸药能量转化率在93%左右,该值均高于对应的含铝炸药.      

含铝炸药震源激发地震波能量的实验研究

为提高地震波能量,通过改变震源装药组分,选用硝酸铵/TNT/铝粉(ATL)和聚黑/铝粉(JHL)2种含铝炸药及TNT等5种非含铝炸药,在相同地质条件下,采用远场测震和近场测压的方法,对地震波能量的激发效果进行了测试和评价.单炮记录结果对比发现,在保证不降低信噪比的条件下,含铝炸药产生的地震波品质优于非含铝炸药,且ATL优于JHL;地震波能量分析结果表明,与非含铝炸药相比,含铝炸药产生的地震波能量在不同时域内均有所提高,且ATL激发的地震波能量最高.炸药土中爆炸的近场压力测试结果表明,ATL炸药爆炸产生的应力波峰值压力比TNT(56.21kPa)提高了约78.76%.分析了炸药土中爆炸能量输出结构对地震波能量的影响.     

TNT、DNAN、TNAZ、DNTF不可逆膨胀特性

通过不可逆膨胀、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等试验,研究了TNT、DNAN、TNAZ、DNTF等熔铸炸药载体在高低温冲击条件下的不可逆膨胀特性,从晶体特性和晶体形貌的变化规律分析了不同熔铸炸药载体不可逆膨胀的机理。研究结果表明,高低温冲击条件下,炸药晶体晶面间距和晶粒尺寸会受到影响,导致不可逆膨胀的产生。TNAZ不可逆膨胀最小,为-0.12%;TNT、DNTF次之,分别为4.2%和4.25%;DNAN不可逆膨胀最大,为7.98%。     

不同装药的水下爆炸冲击波特性研究

通过对复合PBX、熔梯黑铝、热塑梯黑铝和TNT等4种炸药在无限水域中的水下爆炸试验和测试,分析了4种炸药水下爆炸时的冲击波峰值压力、时间衰减常数和冲击波冲量等特性参数,评估了4种炸药的水下爆炸冲击波性能.结果表明：4种装药的冲击波峰值压力从高到低分别是热塑梯黑铝、熔梯黑铝、TNT、复合PBX;时间衰减参数从高到低分别是复合PBX、热塑梯黑铝、熔梯黑铝、TNT;冲击波冲量从高到低分别是复合PBX、熔梯黑铝、热塑梯黑铝、TNT.因而,综合各参数评估,认为复合PBX是几种炸药中性能最好的,熔梯黑铝和热塑梯黑铝比较接近,TNT则最差.     

有氧化剂(AP)含铝炸药水中爆炸数值模拟

为了实现含有氧化剂AP的含铝炸药(下称PBX—3炸药)的水中爆炸参数的预估,利用Φ50 mm圆筒试验确定了PBX—3炸药爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数;并在此基础上开展了PBX—3炸药水中爆炸数值模拟,计算得到了冲击波峰值压力、比冲击波能和气泡脉动周期,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。研究结果表明,基于圆筒试验确定的爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数,可以准确计算有氧化剂含铝炸药的水中爆炸参数,对于该类炸药的能量评估有一定参考价值。     

α-AlH3对凝聚相炸药能量输出的影响

向凝聚相炸药中添加α-AlH_3会使爆轰产物中的氢气含量迅速增加,增加气态爆轰产物的量。为了研究α-AlH_3对凝聚相炸药能量输出的影响,制备了含α-AlH_3的HMX基炸药,研究了其能量输出规律。研究表明,与同质量分数的含铝炸药相比,含α-AlH_3炸药爆轰冲击波的加载能力和爆轰产物膨胀做功能力较弱,爆轰产物在膨胀后期做功较多,二者对外输出的总能量相当。     

基于KHT程序的RDX基含铝炸药JWL状态方程参数预测研究

为预测炸药的JWL状态方程参数,根据KHT状态方程编制了KHT程序,计算得到的RDX基含铝炸药的爆轰参数与实验值具有良好的一致性,证明了KHT程序的可信性.在此基础上,利用KHT程序计算的爆轰产物等熵膨胀数据,对RDX基含铝炸药的JWL状态方程参数进行了预测.将预测的JWL状态方程参数输入到AUTODYN软件中,对1 kg RDX基含铝炸药水下4.7 m爆炸试验进行了数值模拟仿真,对比了不同爆距处冲击波压力峰值的试验值与仿真值,两者符合较好. 研究结果表明,利用KHT程序计算的等熵膨胀数据对JWL状态方程参数进行预测是可行的,预测的参数是可用的.      

奥克托今（HMX）基塑料粘结炸药（PBX）驱动不同金属圆筒试验及数值模拟

为研究某HMX基PBX炸药对不同材料金属壳体的驱动加速能力,参照25mm标准圆筒试验,研究了该炸药对无氧铜Cu、钛合金TC4和高强度钢G50三种壳体材料的做功能力,获得了圆筒壁的膨胀过程及最大膨胀速度,并与理论计算值和数值模拟结果进行了对比。研究表明：该炸药爆轰驱动不同壳体材料的膨胀破裂时间和破裂半径存在差异,且对低密度钛合金壳体材料的驱动能力最强;圆筒试验件破片初速理论计算值、数值模拟结果与试验值吻合较好,相对误差均在10%以内;相比标准圆筒试验只考虑炸药对单一金属铜管的驱动加速能力,研究结果可为该炸药与武器弹药壳体材料的匹配设计提供参考。     

铝粉粒度对HMX基含铝浇注PBX炸药爆热的影响

利用恒温式量热计测定了不同粒度的HMX基含铝炸药的爆热值,对其能量释放规律研究结果表明：含粗铝粉的炸药爆热随铝粉含量增加呈递增趋势,当铝粉含量为35%时,爆热达到最大值;而细颗粒铝粉含量为25%时,含铝炸药爆热达到最大值,之后随铝粉含量的增加爆热值降低;铝含量低于13%左右时,含细颗粒铝粉的炸药爆热值较含粗颗粒铝粉的炸药爆热值高,高于此值后,爆热值较后者偏低。根据爆热结果分析,铝粉粒度对HMX基含铝浇注PBX炸药的反应机理和反应动力学有影响。     

铝粉粒度对奥克托今(HMX)基含铝浇注高聚物粘结炸药爆热的影响

利用恒温式量热计测定了不同粒度的HMX(1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷)基含铝炸药的爆热值。对其能量释放规律研究结果表明:含粗铝粉的炸药爆热随铝粉含量增加呈递增趋势。当铝粉含量为35%时,爆热达到最大值;而细颗粒铝粉含量为25%时,含铝炸药爆热达到最大值;之后随铝粉含量的增加爆热值降低。铝含量低于13%左右时,含细颗粒铝粉的炸药爆热值较含粗颗粒铝粉的炸药爆热值高;高于此值后,爆热值较后者偏低。根据爆热结果分析,铝粉粒度对HMX基含铝浇注PBX炸药的反应机理和反应动力学有影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with