12.5%速保利防治小麦散黑穗病和玉米瘤黑粉丝墨穗病试验初报

小麦散黑穗病、玉米瘤黑粉病和丝黑穗病是我垦区粮食生产上的重要病害。因长期使用拌种双，病菌产生了抗药性，发病率在逐年加重趋势。９５年应用１２．５％速保利（日本产）与拌种双作对照，防治小麦散黑穗病防效１００％；防治玉米丝黑穗病、瘤黑粉病防效为８０．９５％，优于对照，防效极显著。     

促生菌对青饲玉米土壤微生物区系影响的研究

本文进行了促生菌对青饲玉米土壤微生物种群数量变化及消长规律的研究，结果表明，促生菌能使青饲玉米土壤微生物数量显著增加，其细菌，放线菌的数量随玉米的生长发育逐渐增多，而具菌数量增和缓慢，微生物生理群显著地高于对照，玉米根际芽孢杆菌明显增加，并随青饲玉米生育其而变化，促生菌对玉米大斑病及瘤黑粉病有一定抑制作用。     

化学农药对玉米中后期几种病虫害的田间防治效果

在玉米抽雄期喷施化学农药防治玉米生长中后期的几种病虫害,结果表明,40%氯虫·噻虫嗪WG 225 g/hm2剂量对玉米螟虫和蚜虫均有较高的防治效果,田间防效分别为81.08%和89.91%,小区产量比对照增加20.8%.10%吡虫啉WP 450 g/hm2剂量对蚜虫的防效为63.64%,对玉米螟虫效果较差.12.5%烯唑醇WP 450 g/hm2剂量对玉米锈病的防效为76.60%.30%苯甲·丙环唑对小斑病和弯孢霉叶斑病的防效分别为62.04%和51.72%.氯虫·噻虫嗪与烯唑醇混合喷施对中后期的玉米螟虫、蚜虫和锈病具有较好的控制作用.     

云南大理州玉米灰斑病发生、危害现状及防治研究

于2006~2007年对云南省大理州玉米上新发生的病害——玉米灰斑病菌(Cercospora zeae-maydis)进行调查.结果表明,该病主要在玉米大喇叭口期——成熟期发生,发病高峰期在8月下旬至9月中上旬,此期间降雨量和温度对病害流行影响较大.品种抗性、海拔高度、种植密度及施肥水平也影响病害发生严重程度.化学防治药剂以苯醚甲环唑类、丙环唑类等防效较好.     

玉米蛋白粉综合利用研究

通过对玉米淀粉厂副产品（玉米蛋白粉）酶解,除臭处理后,可以提取食品级天然黄色素和广泛用于食品医药行业的辅料玉米醇溶蛋白,该工艺反应条件温和,易于工业化生产,并可显著提高玉米蛋白粉的附加值。     

玉米淀粉渣中醇溶蛋白提取工艺优化

玉米淀粉渣中富含醇溶蛋白,醇溶蛋白具有广泛的应用价值,但不溶于水.因此,研究其提取工艺有重要意义.以玉米淀粉渣为原料,优化玉米醇溶蛋白的提取工艺,以物料比、提取温度和提取时间进行单因素实验,考察其对提取醇溶蛋白的影响.利用三因素三水平的正交试验,以吸光度为指标,确定了最优条件为物料比1:13、提取温度70℃、提取时间1.5 h.     

壳聚糖/玉米淀粉基质复合膜的制备与性能分析

以壳聚糖和玉米淀粉为主要基质,分别加入甘油、聚乙烯醇、明胶和气相二氧化硅,采用溶液共混后流延方法制备食品包装膜。分析了壳聚糖和玉米淀粉的最佳质量比以及添加剂的用量对包装膜力学性能和吸水率的影响。结果表明：当壳聚糖和玉米淀粉质量比为100：214,甘油含量为玉米淀粉质量的20%时,壳聚糖/玉米淀粉膜的综合性能较好;聚乙烯醇含量为玉米淀粉质量的60%、明胶固含量为玉米淀粉质量的10%、气态二氧化硅固含量为玉米淀粉质量的4%时,所得膜在各自系列膜中的性能较佳。     

玉米渣提取玉米醇溶蛋白工艺初探

主要介绍了从玉米渣中提取玉米醇溶蛋白的工艺。从玉米醇溶蛋白不溶于水和无水乙醇，而只溶于60％～95％的醇水溶液中的特殊溶解性出发，利用90％的乙醇溶液，在45～55℃、pH8．0的条件下处理3～4h，可将玉米醇溶蛋白从玉米渣中提取出来。并通过实验确立了各步的工艺条件，在此奈件下玉米醇溶蛋白的得率可达80％。     

玉米秸秆水解的酶法与稀酸法比较

探讨玉米秸秆在纤维素酶及稀酸作用下的水解方法,并从水解影响因素（水解时间、温度、底物浓度等）及水解机理上,比较了两种纤维素酶与稀硫酸对玉米秸秆水解特性.结果表明：由于酶和酸的水解机理不同,对玉米秸秆的水解影响也不一样,酶水解速度慢,水解得率高,条件温和;稀酸水解速度快,水解得率低,对设备要求高.如果酸和酶结合,则玉米秸秆水解得率有很大的提高.     

玉米秸秆稀酸预水解液两种脱毒方法的研究

以玉米秸秆稀酸预水解液为原料,研究了减压蒸发和络合萃取两种脱毒方法对乙酸等抑制物的去除情况。结果表明:玉米秸秆稀酸预水解液减压蒸发脱毒,糠醛完全被去除,而5-羟甲基糠醛则基本不能被去除;当水解液浓缩5.80倍时,其浓缩液中乙酸质量浓度和去除率分别为4.06 g/L和60.45%。络合萃取脱毒的最佳条件:络合萃取剂的组成为30%三烷基胺+50%正辛醇+20%煤油,油水相比2∶1,温度25℃,时间60 min,此时脱毒液中乙酸质量浓度和去除率分别为1.43 g/L和52.33%,糠醛完全被去除,5-羟甲基糠醛的去除率为27.78%。     

真菌纤维二糖水解酶基因的克隆与表达研究

采用能够转化细菌和真菌的双功能质粒ｐＤＬ１，与部分酶切的糙皮侧耳（Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｓｏｓｔｒｅａｔｕｓ）基因组ＤＮＡ片段进行体外重组。再用重组质粒ＤＮＡ转化玉米黑粉菌（Ｕｓｔｉｌａｇｏ，ｍａｙｄｉｓ）的原生质体，在平皿上筛选抗新霉素的转化子，转化率达８００转化子／μｇＤＮＡ，由此在玉米黑粉菌中建立了糙皮侧耳的基因文库。随机选出１５个转化子提取其ＤＮＡ，以３２Ｐ标记的ｎｅｕｒ基因酶切片段作为探针进行打点杂交，全部显示阳性，证明抗性菌落不是来源于敏感细胞的回复突变。以李氏木霉（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａｒｅｅｓｅｉ）的纤维二糖水解酶（Ｃｅｌｌｏｂｉｏｈｙｄｒａｓｅｓ，简称ＣＢＨ）ＣＢＨⅡ基因末端片段为探针，从阳性克隆菌株中提取ＤＮＡ进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ转移并杂交，结果证明本研究已成功地克隆了糙皮侧耳纤维二糖水解酶ＣＢＨⅡ基因。基因的表达检测证明，克隆菌株具有纤维二糖水解酶活力。     

Metabolic priming by a secreted fungal effector

Maize smut caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis is a widespread disease characterized by the development of large plant tumours. U. maydis is a biotrophic pathogen that requires living plant tissue for its development and establishes an intimate interaction zone between fungal hyphae and the plant plasma membrane. U. maydis actively suppresses plant defence responses by secreted protein effectors. Its effector repertoire comprises at least 386 genes mostly encoding proteins of unknown function and expressed exclusively during the biotrophic stage. The U. maydis secretome also contains about 150 proteins with probable roles in fungal nutrition, fungal cell wall modification and host penetration as well as proteins unlikely to act in the fungal-host interface like a chorismate mutase. Chorismate mutases are key enzymes of the shikimate pathway and catalyse the conversion of chorismate to prephenate, the precursor for tyrosine and phenylalanine synthesis. Root-knot nematodes inject a secreted chorismate mutase into plant cells likely to affect development. Here we show that the chorismate mutase Cmu1 secreted by U. maydis is a virulence factor. The enzyme is taken up by plant cells, can spread to neighbouring cells and changes the metabolic status of these cells through metabolic priming. Secreted chorismate mutases are found in many plant-associated microbes and might serve as general tools for host manipulation.     

Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis

Ustilago maydis is a ubiquitous pathogen of maize and a well-established model organism for the study of plant-microbe interactions. This basidiomycete fungus does not use aggressive virulence strategies to kill its host. U. maydis belongs to the group of biotrophic parasites (the smuts) that depend on living tissue for proliferation and development. Here we report the genome sequence for a member of this economically important group of biotrophic fungi. The 20.5-million-base U. maydis genome assembly contains 6,902 predicted protein-encoding genes and lacks pathogenicity signatures found in the genomes of aggressive pathogenic fungi, for example a battery of cell-wall-degrading enzymes. However, we detected unexpected genomic features responsible for the pathogenicity of this organism. Specifically, we found 12 clusters of genes encoding small secreted proteins with unknown function. A significant fraction of these genes exists in small gene families. Expression analysis showed that most of the genes contained in these clusters are regulated together and induced in infected tissue. Deletion of individual clusters altered the virulence of U. maydis in five cases, ranging from a complete lack of symptoms to hypervirulence. Despite years of research into the mechanism of pathogenicity in U. maydis, no 'true' virulence factors had been previously identified. Thus, the discovery of the secreted protein gene clusters and the functional demonstration of their decisive role in the infection process illuminate previously unknown mechanisms of pathogenicity operating in biotrophic fungi. Genomic analysis is, similarly, likely to open up new avenues for the discovery of virulence determinants in other pathogens.     

烯唑醇的反相高效液相色谱分析方法

用反相高效液相色谱法测定烯唑醇,以甲醇、乙腈和水（３５＋３０＋３５） 为流动相,使用ＳＵＰＥＬ ＣＯＳＩＬＬＣ－ １８－ ＤＢ（５ μｍ ４．６ ｍ ｍ ×２５０ ｍ ｍ）色谱柱,紫外检测波长为２３０ ｎｍ ,平均回收率为９６．８％ ,紫外检测最低检出限为１．９２ｎｇ。方法快速准确,灵敏度高,可用于烯唑醇原药及其在各种复合农药中含量的测定。     

虚拟模板分子印迹固相萃取 高效液相色谱法检测果蔬中三唑类杀菌剂

采用本体聚合法自制了联苯三唑醇分子印迹聚合物(MIP),以此聚合物为固相萃取剂,制备固相萃取柱,对果蔬中烯唑醇、戊唑醇进行分离富集,并采用高效液相色谱法测定其在果蔬中的残留。烯唑醇平均回收率在74.6%⁸8.6%之间,检测限为0.5μg/mL。戊唑醇平均回收率在66.9%88.6%之间,检测限为0.5μg/mL。戊唑醇平均回收率在66.9%⁷3.3%之间,检测限为0.25μg/mL。     

烯唑醇聚合物杀菌剂的合成和生物活性测试

为了克服烯唑醇易受风、雨水、光及微生物等因素影响而大量流失的缺点,通过化学反应使其与苯乙烯-马来酸酐交替共聚物结合,得到了一种杀菌聚合物。试验结果表明：该聚合物在模拟的应用环境中经水解和微生物降解等过程能够以有效剂量持续释放出具有杀菌性的活性组分,其杀菌活性与烯唑醇基本一致,持效期至少30天。这种烯唑醇高分子缓释剂对于有效利用农药,减少农药戏留,保护环境具有实际意义。     

烯唑醇与血清蛋白的立体选择性作用机制

手性药物与血清蛋白的结合通常表现出立体选择性。采用UV-Vis吸收光谱、荧光光谱和分子对接技术研究了R-烯唑醇和S-烯唑醇与人血清蛋白(HSA)/牛血清蛋白(BSA)的结合差异。结果表明:血清蛋白与R-烯唑醇的结合能力强于S-烯唑醇;烯唑醇对血清蛋白的荧光猝灭机制为静态猝灭;R-烯唑醇和S-烯唑醇与HSA相互作用的总能量分别为-26.4 kJ/mol和-23.6 kJ/mol,与BSA的对接能量分别为-27.6 kJ/mol和-23.3 kJ/mol,说明R-烯唑醇与血清蛋白形成的复合物更稳定。研究结果可为后续开展烯唑醇的立体选择性作用机制研究提供依据。     

不同培养基对玉米小斑病菌生长繁殖及致病力的影响

采用燕麦、玉米、彼查、PDA及PDA＋宿主叶片、PDA＋VB1 7种固体培养基培养玉米小斑病菌C小种。结果表明，PDA＋VB1和PDA培养基表面加宿主叶片2种培养基培养的菌株，无论是菌丝生长速度、产孢量还是致病力均显著高于其他培养基，可用这2种培养基复壮、保存玉米小斑病菌C小种。