火花点火发动机稀燃NOx排放控制的电控节气门系统研究

为应用吸附还原催化器控制稀燃NO_z排放,建立了一套火花点火发动机的电控节气门系统．当发动机短时间工作在富燃状态时,通过控制节气门开度和点火提前角,可以获得稳定的功率和扭矩输出．在丰田8A16气门电喷汽油机上进行了试验研究,同时采用吸附还原催化器和三效催化器控制排放．催化后NO_z排放最低可达50×10~(-6),转化效率高迭90%以上．在浓稀变换过程中,催化后的NO_z排放保持稳定．     

用吸附还原与三元催化器组合降低富氧汽油机NOx的排放

采用稀燃技术虽可大幅改善汽油机的燃油经济性和排放性，却因稀燃的富氧燃烧使NOx降低较少．为此，采用吸附还原催化转化器与三元催化转化器的不同组合方案，对一台电控燃油喷射16气门稀燃汽油机进行了降低富氧条件下NOx排放的试验研究．试验结果表明：三元催化转化器位于吸附还原催化转化器之前的布置方案具有最好的降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放的效果．在该试验条件下，NOx催化转化率最高可达到97．3％。     

基于Pt-Rh催化器的汽油机NOx净化研究

由于小型汽油机大部分为化油器式,空燃比变化范围很大,三元催化器难以满足其使用范围.采用Pt-Rh催化器净化方法,着重探讨了以降低NOx排放为主的Pt-Rh催化器性能、排放温度、NOx还原催化的性能和转化效率控制等问题.研究了Pt-Rh催化器的转化效果、相互影响和作用并提出相应的排放建议.结果表明,在Pt-Rh催化器中,增加贵金属Rh的含量,可有效降低发动机尾气NOx的排放,同时该催化器对NOx、HC和CO的排放也有一定的净化作用.     

稀燃汽油机空燃比滑模-神经网络控制及实验

提高电控汽油机空燃比控制精度是改善发动机燃油经济性、动力性和降低尾气污染的关键环节．针对稀薄燃烧汽油机的工作原理,提出了一个稀燃汽油机空燃比滑模-神经网络控制方案,并对方案中的各环节进行了详细描述．采用自行开发的发动机电控系统,在一台稀燃发动机上进行了实验,并对实验结果进行了分析．实验结果表明,采用滑模-神经网络方案对稀薄燃烧发动机空燃比进行控制,不仅可以提高准稳态时发动机的空燃比控制精度．而且可以降低过渡过程的空燃比超调．节气门急速变化时的空燃比超调最大为1个空燃比单位,最小为0．2个空燃比单位,大大优于车用电控系统的控制结果．     

一种新型分子筛/堇青石整体式稀燃催化器的开发应用

应用原位合成技术制成了TS-1分子筛／堇青石整体式稀燃催化剂，用来转化稀燃汽油机NOx排放．采用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子显微镜(SEM)和感应耦合等离子体(ICP)等表征手段验证了分子筛薄层成功地生长在堇青石载体上，且催化剂具有好的热稳定性．在台架试验上，该稀燃催化器对NOx的转化效率可达40％，对HC和CO的转化效率也分别达到79．4％和27．4％。     

神经网络在汽油机瞬态空燃比控制中的应用

为了对稀薄燃烧汽油机的瞬态空燃比进行精确控制，提出了一个稀燃汽油机空燃比神经网络一滑模控制方案，该方案采用神经网络实现对瞬态过程中实际进入气缸内进气量的精确预测和进气管内油膜动态特性的前馈补偿．在一台稀燃发动机上进行了瞬态空燃比实验，节气门急速变化时的空燃比超调最大为1个空燃比单位，最小为0．2个空燃比单位；空燃比调整时间一般在3s以内，最快可达到1s．控制结果达到了对稀燃发动机瞬态空燃比的精确控制．     

含Ni或Co双金属ZSM5催化剂的汽油机排放试验

为控制稀燃汽油机NOx排放,在汽油机稀燃排气条件下,试验考察NiCu-ZSM5、CuCo-ZSM5等双金属分子筛催化剂的活性规律.结果表明:双金属交换分子筛催化剂的高活性温度窗口较宽,NOx最高转化率明显提高,并出现了几个不同的NOx转化率的峰值;空燃比为19时,NiCu-ZSM5催化剂在255℃条件下NOx的最大转化率为43.9%,空燃比为17时,CuCo-ZSM5在255℃条件下NOx的最大转化率达到41.6%;在催化反应过程中出现了CO浓度增加的阶段,表明此时HC是NOx的主要选择还原气体.     

稀燃汽油机Nox排放控制的实验研究

开发了一套适用于稀燃汽油机的电控节气门系统以配合NOx吸附 还原催化转化器的再生过程.该系统对节气门开度以及点火提前角施以相应的特殊控制,以满足NOx吸附 还原催化转化器的工作要求,同时保持输出功率的稳定.将稀燃NOx吸附 还原催化转化器配合三效催化转化器应用于丰田8A16气门EFI发动机进行稀燃匹配实验,大大降低稀燃发动机的NOx排放,NOx排放最低可达50×10-6,最高转化率达91%.发动机浓稀转换频率越低,NOx排放越高,但其对NOx排放总体影响不大;负荷对NOx排放的影响较大,负荷越大,NOx排放越高.     

控制稀燃汽油机NOx排放实验

对一台 1. 342L稀燃汽油机的NOx排放进行研究.机内净化和排气后处理并行,一方面采用稀燃、快燃(滚流)和推迟点火的可控燃烧新方案来降低NOx的机内排放;另一方面采用原位合成的分子筛稀燃催化器Cu ZSM5对NOx排放进行后处理.在稀燃发动机典型工况下,燃油经济性较原机改善 14. 800时,NOx的排放最低可以达到 133×10-6.排气温度处于 220~450℃之间时,NOx的排放均处于 250×10-6以下.     

低温等离子体汽油重整对稀燃极限影响的实验

为提高稀薄燃烧汽油机的稀燃极限,提出了一种借助低温等离子体,利用稀薄燃烧发动机排气中的氧气和水蒸气对燃油进行重整,以制得富氢的混合气体辅助发动机进行稀薄燃烧的方法．设计了一套等离子体排气重整系统,并对其进行了排气重整性能的研究．在一台稀燃发动机上进行了低温等离子体燃油重整对稀薄燃烧极限影响的实验,实验结果表明：利用等离子体排气重整系统,能够进一步扩大发动机的稀燃极限;重整比例每增大10％,发动机燃烧极限增大约1～2个空燃比单位．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that