碳纳米管负载Mo-Co-S加氢脱氮催化剂研究

用多壁碳纳米管(简写为CNTs)作载体制备负载型Mo Co S催化剂,x%MoiCoj/CNTs(x%为质量百分数),以乙腈和吡咯的加氢脱氮(HDN)作为探针反应,考察它们在该类催化剂上加氢脱氮的反应化学行为,并与γ Al2O3 和活性炭(AC)分别负载参比样作比较研究.实验发现,在583 K,0.1 MPa,CH3CN/H2 =2.3/97.7(mol/mol),GHSV=2 200 mL(STP)·h-1·(g catal.)-1的反应条件下,在7.2%Mo3Co1/CNTs催化剂上,所观测乙腈 HDN的比反应速率达到 0.51μmol CH3CN·s-1·(mmol Mo)-1,是γ Al2O3 和AC分别负载相同Mo3Co1 载量催化剂的1.46和1.76倍,相应各自最佳Mo3Co1 载量催化剂的1.89和2.55倍.相似的反应化学行为在吡咯 HDN反应中也观测到.对比研究表明,用 CNTs代替γ Al2O3 或AC作为催化剂载体并不导致所负载Mo3Co1 催化剂上乙腈或吡咯HDN反应的表观活化能发生明显变化.H2 TPR研究揭示,与γ Al2O3 或AC负载的体系相比,CNTs负载催化剂具有较高的可还原性:不仅表现在其还原所需温度较低,还表现在较高的还原“比耗氢量”,后者暗示有较多的高价 Mon+ 物种可被还原至具催化活性的较低价态(Mo4+);在另一方面,CNTs载体对H2 优异的吸附活化性能可期在工作态催化剂表面营造较高氢稳态浓度的表面氛围;这两方面的因素都有助于乙腈或吡咯加氢脱氮反     

Co修饰碳纳米管作为低碳醇合成CoMoK催化剂的高效促进剂

利用化学还原沉积法,制备一类Co修饰的多壁碳纳米管基复合材料(记为y%Co/MWCNT,y%为质量分数),进而用其作为促进剂,制备共沉淀型y%Co/MWCNT促进的Co-Mo-K氧化物基催化剂,CoiMojKk-x%(y%Co/MWC-NT)(x%为质量分数).实验发现,Co对MWCNT的预修饰明显地提高了单纯MWCNT促进的Co-Mo-K催化剂对CO加氢制低碳醇的催化活性.在所制备的Co1Mo1K0.05-12%(4.2%Co/MWCNT)催化剂上,在经优化的两种反应条件(5.0MPa,563 K,V(H2)/V(CO)/V(N2)=60/30/10,GHSV=8000 mL/(h.g)和5.0 MPa,593 K,V(H2)/V(CO)/V(CO2)/V(N2)=60/30/5/5,GHSV=10 000 mL/(h.g))下,C2~9-醇的时空产率分别达294和628 mg/(h.g),分别是单纯MWCNT促进的对应物在其最佳操作条件下这个值(269 mg/(h.g))的1.09和2.33倍;在所制得两种低碳混合醇产物中,C2~9-醇的含量分别达89%和96%(质量分数),并分别以C7-醇和C5-醇为主要醇产物.本文结果表明,Co对MWCNT的预修饰并辅以原料合成气中添加适量CO2对于CO加氢转化率和C2~9-醇时空产率的显著提高起重要作用.     

碳纳米管负载Mo-Co-S基HDS/H DN催化剂的制备及其表征研究

用自行制备的多壁碳纳米管(简写为CNTs)作为载体制备负载型Mo-Co-S催化剂,记为:m%MoiCoj/CNTs(m%为质量百分数),用噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)和吡咯加氢脱氮(HDN)作为探针反应,XRD、XPS和H2-TPD作为表征手段,考察Co/Mo摩尔比、MoiCoj负载量及Co和Mo的浸渍顺序对所制备催化剂的结构和催化性能的影响.研究结果表明,对于本文自行制备CNTs负载的Mo-Co-S催化剂,最佳的Co/Mo摩尔比为1:3,最适宜的Mo3Co1负载量为～7.2%(质量百分数),Co和Mo的浸溃顺序以"先浸渍Co、经干燥焙烧后浸渍Mo"为佳.与AC负载的参比体系相比,CNTs负载催化剂较易于被还原,工作态催化剂表面具有催化活性的Mo物种(Mo4 )在总负载Mo量中所占份额较高;在另一方面,在HDS/HDN反应条件下,作为载体的CNTs的表面存在着数量更加可观的吸附氢物种,这些活泼氢物种通过"溢流"容易传输至Mo-Co-S催化活性位,于是有助于提高表面加氢反应的速率.以上两方面因素对CNTs负载Mo-Co-S催化剂上高的HDS/HDN反应活性都有重要贡献.     

碳纳米管作为低碳醇合成CoMo-基催化剂的高效促进剂

用自行制备的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)作为促进剂,制备一类共沉淀型MWCNTs促进Co-Mo-K氧化物基催化剂.实验发现,该类催化剂对CO加氢生成低碳醇显示出高的转化活性和生成C2～9-醇(尤其辛醇)优良的选择性;在所制备的Co1Mo1K0.05-12%MWCNTs催化剂上,5.0 MPa、563 K、V(H2)/V(CO)/V(N2)=60/30/10、GHSV=8 000 mLsTP·h-1·g-cat.-1的反应条件下,C1～9-醇和DME的时空产率合计达308 mg·h-1·g-cat.-1,是相同反应条件下不含碳纳米管的对应物(Co1Mo1K0.05)上这个值(199 mg·h-1·g-cat.-1)的1.54倍;水煤气变换副反应明显地受到抑制;产物碳链偏离Schulz--Flory分布律;在总醇醚产物中,C2～9-醇 DME的质量百分数合计约占95%,展示其作为油品添加剂或代用合成燃料的潜在应用前景.     

多壁碳纳米管促进的甲苯加氢脱芳高效Pt基催化剂

开发了一类以CNTs-γ-Al2O3复合材料为载体的高效催化甲苯加氢脱芳的Pt基催化剂.实验结果表明,适量添加少量的CNTs能显著提高Pt基催化剂催化甲苯加氢脱芳的活性.经组分优化的1.0%(质量分数)Pt/8%CNTs-γ-Al2O3催化剂上,在2.0MPa、363K、V(C7H8)∶V(H2)=1∶6.7、1 035L/(h·g)的反应条件下,甲苯转化率可达85.9%,时空收率为501.7g/(h·g),分别是相同条件下γ-Al2O3、CNTs、γ-Al2O3(商品)和SiO2负载催化剂上相应值(458.9、445.1、435.8和406.3g/(h·g))的1.09、1.13、1.15和1.24倍.进一步,联合多种谱学表征技术对催化剂进行表征,探讨CNTs对促进催化剂催化芳烃加氢的作用本质.研究结果表明,以CNTs-γ-Al2O3为载体的工作态Pt基催化剂上甲苯加氢脱芳的表观活化能与系列常规载体负载的参比体系上的相应值基本一致,表明少量CNTs的添加并不改变催化反应途径,但却提升了工作态催化剂表面具有催化活性的Pt0物种在表面总Pt量中所占比例;与γ-Al2O3负载的参比体系相比,CNTs-γ-Al2O3负载的Pt基催化剂增强的催化加氢活性可能源于CNTs对氢的适度吸附、活化及溢流性能.     

碳纳米管负载/促进Cu-Cr催化剂上甲醇分解制氢

用自行制备的碳纳米管(CNTs)作为载体,研制出一类高活性CNTs负载/促进甲醇分解制氢Cu Cr/CNTs催化剂.实验结果显示,在0.1MPa,503K,n(CH3OH) n(Ar)=2 1,GHSV=3600h-1的反应条件下,27%Cu10Cr1/CNTs催化剂上H2的时空产率达133mmol H2h-1(g catal.)-1,是AC、SiO2和γ Al2O3负载相应参比催化剂(分别为:111、73.5、60.9mmol H2h-1(g catal.)-1)的1.20、1.81和2.18倍.实验表征研究揭示,碳纳米管载体促使催化剂活性Cu表面积大为增加,并诱使Cu Cr催化活性位上甲醇分子解离下来的吸附H物种向碳纳米管载体"溢流"、疏散、随后偶联成H2(a)脱附,于是降低了副产物甲醛、甲酸甲酯的生成机率,有利于提高甲醇深度脱氢、生成H2和CO的选择性.     

Ru/CNTs高效催化转化纤维二糖制备山梨醇

针对纤维素的转化,以纤维二糖催化加氢制备山梨醇为模型反应,研究了负载Ⅷ及IB族金属催化剂的催化性能.研究发现,在测试的金属组分中,负载Ru、Ir催化剂显示了较高的转化纤维二糖生成山梨醇性能.在使用碳纳米管(CNTs)、活性炭(AC)、Al_2O_3、HY、SiO_2、CeO_2、MgO等不同载体制备的催化剂中,Ru/Al_2O_3及Ru/CNTs显示较高山梨醇收率.在185℃中性水溶液中,最佳催化剂Ru/CNTs上的山梨醇收率为87%.初步探讨了Ru/CNTs催化剂上纤维二糖转化为山梨醇的反应途径.纤维二糖首先主要通过加氢反应生成3-β-D-吡喃糖醇,而后,3-β-D-吡喃糖醇水解为山梨醇和葡萄糖,而生成的葡萄糖可以迅速加氢转化为山梨醇.山梨醇还可异构为甘露醇和降解生成其它低碳醇.     

不同载体负载的钴基费-托合成催化剂性能研究

考察了碳纳米管与传统氧化物作为载体负载的钴基催化剂用于费-托合成反应的性能.采用等体积浸渍法制备了钴基催化剂,并对催化剂进行了TPR、TEM、H2-化学吸附等表征分析.结果表明,Co/SiO2和Co/CNTs催化剂具有较低的还原温度且Co/SiO2催化剂还原峰较狭窄.TEM的结果显示Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂和Co/CNTs催化剂中的钴颗粒粒径分布范围较宽,而Co/SiO2催化剂的钴颗粒粒径分布较为均匀,这是导致其还原峰温范围不同的原因之一.费-托合成反应结果显示Co/CNTs催化剂和Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有比Co/SiO2催化剂更高的一氧化碳转化率,而Co/γ-Al2O3和Co/SiO2催化剂具有比Co/CNTs催化剂更高的C5＋选择性和较高的α值.     

碳纳米管促进的Co-Cu氧化物基低碳醇合成催化剂的制备研究

用自行制备的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)作为添加剂,制备一类用于合成气制低碳醇的共沉淀型MWCNTs掺合的Co-Cu催化剂(CoiCuj-x%MWCNTs).催化剂组成的优化结果显示:MWCNTs的添加量及Co、Cu两种金属组分的相对含量(摩尔比)对低碳醇合成(HAS)反应活性和产物选择性的影响显著;MWCNTs的添加量以11%为佳,Co/Cu摩尔比以3∶1为宜.在所制备的Co3Cu1-11%MWCNTs催化剂上,5.0 MPa、573 K、V(H2)/V(CO)/V(CO2)/V(N2)=45/45/5/5和GHSV=10 000 mL/(h.g)的反应条件下,CO的转化率可达39.1%,总(C1~8)醇和二甲醚(DME)的C-基选择性合计达到74.3%,C2~8-醇和DME的时空产率合计达1 072 mg/(h.g);在含氧产物中,S(C2~8-醇 DME)/S(MeOH)=17.8(C-基选择性比),展现其作为燃料油品添加剂的应用前景.催化剂的制备表征研究揭示,氧化态前驱物中高度分散的CuCo2O4尖晶石微晶相的形成对于营造/产生低碳醇合成所需固溶体型双金属CoiCuj催化活性位至关重要;MWCNTs促进的催化剂对氢吸附、活化的优异性能在促进催化剂活性和选择性的提高、以及抑制水煤气变换副反应等方面都可能起重要作用.     

碳纳米管作为合成气制低碳醇Co-Cu催化剂的高效促进剂

用自行制备的碳纳米管(CNTs)作为促进剂,制备一类共沉淀型CNTs促进Co-Cu基催化剂.实验发现,该类催化剂对CO加氢制低碳醇显示出异常高的转化活性和生成C2~4-含氧产物,尤其是丁醇(BuOH)和二甲醚(DME)的选择性;在Co3Cu1-11%CNTs催化剂上、5.0 MPa,573 K、V(H2)/V(CO)/V(CO2)/V(N2)=46/46/5/3,GHSV=10 000 mL(STP).h-1.g-cat.-1反应条件下,所观测到的CO转化率达到38.0%,是相同反应条件下不含CNTs的参比体系(Co3Cu1)上观察值(25.3%)的1.50倍;BuOH和DME成为两种最主要的产物,其C-基选择性分别达到45.0%和14.8%,两者的质量百分数合计占C1~4-含氧产物总量的~83%,展示其作为油品添加剂或代用合成燃料的应用前景.实验结果表明,对于CNTs促进的Co3Cu1体系,原料气中适量CO2的存在对CO的转化和含氧产物(尤其是BuOH)的选择生成有显著促进作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that