Ⅱ型超新星r-过程元素核合成产量及主要产量区间

根据观测到的极贫金属星中元素Sr,Y,Ba与元素Si丰度的相关性,利用WW1995与FM2004给出的Ⅱ型超新星Si的理论产量计算了极贫金属环境下各种质量超新星r-过程元素的核合成产量,将所得结果与前人的结果作了对比;进一步讨论了星系化学演化中r-过程元素核合成的主要产量区间.     

利用Si元素的产量确定重元素核合成的场所

文章根据随前身星质量增加Ⅱ型超新星爆发α元素的产量并不单调增加的情况下,将贫金属星Ba元素的观测丰度分为两支,其中i支元素丰度产生于较低质量超新星,y支元素丰度产生于较高质量超新星,采用FM2004的Ⅱ型超新星爆发Si元素的产量,利用Tsujimoto提出的方法,根据观测到的极贫金属星Ba和Si丰度数值计算各种质量超新星快中子俘获元素的产量,得出星系中快中子俘获元素核合成的主要场所。     

r-过程核合成的场所和重元素丰度的离散

首先考虑到随前身星质量增加Ⅱ型超新星爆发α元素的产量并不单调增加,从而导致Ⅱ型超新星所污染的星际气体的α元素丰度出现反转的因素,将贫金属星Ba的观测丰度分为2支,其中i支元素丰度产生于较低质量超新星,y支元素丰度产生于较高质量超新星,采用FM2004的Ⅱ型超新星爆发Mg元素的产量,利用Tsujimoto提出的方法,根据观测到的极贫金属星Ba和Mg丰度数值计算各种质量超新星r-过程的产量,得出星系中r-过程元素核合成的主要质量区间.然后,根据得到的不同质量Ⅱ型超新星r-过程的产量关系,改进Fields等所提出的方法,解释观测到的贫金属星中子俘获元素的弥散性;另外,还根据3成份(晕、厚、薄盘)多相模型(气体、分子云、大小质量恒星以及剩余物质),利用所得到的产量计算了r-过程元素的均匀化学演化.     

星系晕较重r-过程元素产量和丰度的离散

采用Fields等所提出的模型,将超新星爆发产生r过程元素的事件分为2类:A类(r-rich)事件和B类(r-poor)事件,结合所得到的Ⅱ型超新星r-过程元素的产量和产区,计算了贫金属星较重r-过程元素的弥散,并与观测进行对比分析,解释早期星系化学演化.得到的主要结论:从星系化学演化角度看,星系r-过程元素主要来源于大质量星,r过程核合成主要产生场所是较高质量的Ⅱ型超新星,质量范围在28M⊙≤M≤35M⊙.利用计算得到的产量及初始质量函数φ(m),确定产生较重r过程元素的Ⅱ型超新星占Ⅱ型超新星总数的比例(大约为4%),计算得到星系晕中Eu,Ba,Ce,La,Nd,Pr,Sm等元素的丰度离散情况;并对计算结果进行分析.     

贫金属星的重核素丰度

利用太阳系的重核素丰度以及ｓ－过程、ｒ－过程的相对贡献,结合贫金属星重元素的观测值及星系化学演化的计算结果,计算了不同金属度贫金属星重核素丰度分布。     

贫金属星重核素丰度的计算

利用太阳系的重核素丰度，以及ｓ－过程，ｒ－过程的相对贡献，结合贫金属星重元素的观测值及星系化学演化的计算结果，计算了不同金属度贫金属星重元素丰度。     

贫金属星HD 122956的中子俘获元素丰度

根据贫金属星ＨＤ１２２９５６的中子俘获元素的观测丰度,利用贫金属星中子俘获元素丰度的计算模型,采用最小二乘法精确地确定了三种不同的中子俘获过程对该贫金属星中子俘获元素丰度的贡献,从理论上预言了贫金属星ＨＤ１２２９５６的中子俘获元素的丰度,并给出了计算结果与预测结果的比较。     

元素星系化学演化的分析解

利用瞬时循环近似，考虑元素产率随金属丰度的变化，得出了主要金属元素星系化学演化的分析解，结合恒星核合成结果，计算了银河系中O元素、Mg元素、Na元素、Sc元素等丰度随金属丰度的变化规律，并与观测结果进行了比较。     

恒星典型中子俘获元素丰度观测误差对分量系数的影响

根据贫金属星中子俘获元素丰度的计算模型，研究了典型中子俘获元素丰度的观测误差对代表各核合成过程相对贡献的分量系数的影响，给出了分量系数的变化范围。     

通过贫金属星研究宇宙的增丰历史

贫金属星对于我们了解元素起源和宇宙的化学演化具有关键意义。本文将描述这些稀有天体的发现历史,分析它们的光谱确定其表面化学丰度的方法,以及如何利用它们的丰度模式来阐释其起源与演化。     

Imprints of fast-rotating massive stars in the Galactic Bulge

The first stars that formed after the Big Bang were probably massive, and they provided the Universe with the first elements heavier than helium ('metals'), which were incorporated into low-mass stars that have survived to the present. Eight stars in the oldest globular cluster in the Galaxy, NGC?6522, were found to have surface abundances consistent with the gas from which they formed being enriched by massive stars (that is, with higher α-element/Fe and Eu/Fe ratios than those of the Sun). However, the same stars have anomalously high abundances of Ba and La with respect to Fe, which usually arises through nucleosynthesis in low-mass stars (via the slow-neutron-capture process, or s-process). Recent theory suggests that metal-poor fast-rotating massive stars are able to boost the s-process yields by up to four orders of magnitude, which might provide a solution to this contradiction. Here we report a reanalysis of the earlier spectra, which reveals that Y and Sr are also overabundant with respect to Fe, showing a large scatter similar to that observed in extremely metal-poor stars, whereas C abundances are not enhanced. This pattern is best explained as originating in metal-poor fast-rotating massive stars, which might point to a common property of the first stellar generations and even of the 'first stars'.     

Nucleosynthetic signatures of the first stars

The chemically most primitive stars provide constraints on the nature of the first stellar objects that formed in the Universe; elements other than hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium present within these objects were generated by nucleosynthesis in the very first stars. The relative abundances of elements in the surviving primitive stars reflect the masses of the first stars, because the pathways of nucleosynthesis are quite sensitive to stellar masses. Several models have been suggested to explain the origin of the abundance pattern of the giant star HE0107-5240, which hitherto exhibited the highest deficiency of heavy elements known. Here we report the discovery of HE1327-2326, a subgiant or main-sequence star with an iron abundance about a factor of two lower than that of HE0107-5240. Both stars show extreme overabundances of carbon and nitrogen with respect to iron, suggesting a similar origin of the abundance patterns. The unexpectedly low Li and high Sr abundances of HE1327-2326, however, challenge existing theoretical understanding: no model predicts the high Sr abundance or provides a Li depletion mechanism consistent with data available for the most metal-poor stars.     

A probable stellar solution to the cosmological lithium discrepancy

The measurement of the cosmic microwave background has strongly constrained the cosmological parameters of the Universe. When the measured density of baryons (ordinary matter) is combined with standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis calculations, the amounts of hydrogen, helium and lithium produced shortly after the Big Bang can be predicted with unprecedented precision. The predicted primordial lithium abundance is a factor of two to three higher than the value measured in the atmospheres of old stars. With estimated errors of 10 to 25%, this cosmological lithium discrepancy seriously challenges our understanding of stellar physics, Big Bang nucleosynthesis or both. Certain modifications to nucleosynthesis have been proposed, but found experimentally not to be viable. Diffusion theory, however, predicts atmospheric abundances of stars to vary with time, which offers a possible explanation of the discrepancy. Here we report spectroscopic observations of stars in the metal-poor globular cluster NGC 6397 that reveal trends of atmospheric abundance with evolutionary stage for various elements. These element-specific trends are reproduced by stellar-evolution models with diffusion and turbulent mixing. We thus conclude that diffusion is predominantly responsible for the low apparent stellar lithium abundance in the atmospheres of old stars by transporting the lithium deep into the star.     

The elemental abundance pattern in a galaxy at z = 2.626

The discovery of metal-poor stars (where metal is any element more massive than helium) has enabled astronomers to probe the chemical enrichment history of the Milky Way. More recently, element abundances in gas inside high-redshift galaxies has been probed through the absorption lines imprinted on the spectra of background quasars, but these have typically yielded measurements of only a few elements. Furthermore, interpretation of these abundances is complicated by the fact that differential incorporation of metals into dust can produce an abundance pattern similar to that expected from nucleosynthesis by massive stars. Here we report the observation of over 25 elements in a galaxy at redshift z = 2.626. With these data, we can examine nucleosynthetic processes independent of the uncertainty arising from depletion. We find that the galaxy was enriched mainly by massive stars (M > 15 solar masses) and propose that it is the progenitor of a massive elliptical galaxy. The detailed abundance patterns suggest that boron is produced through processes that act independently of metallicity, and may require alternative mechanisms for the nucleosynthesis of germanium.     

First-generation black-hole-forming supernovae and the metal abundance pattern of a very iron-poor star

It has been proposed theoretically that the first generation of stars in the Universe (population III) would be as massive as 100 solar masses (100 M(O)), because of inefficient cooling of the precursor gas clouds. Recently, the most iron-deficient (but still carbon-rich) low-mass star--HE0107-5240--was discovered. If this is a population III star that gained its metals (elements heavier than helium) after its formation, it would challenge the theoretical picture of the formation of the first stars. Here we report that the patterns of elemental abundance in HE0107-5240 (and other extremely metal-poor stars) are in good accord with the nucleosynthesis that occurs in stars with masses of 20-130 M(O) when they become supernovae if, during the explosions, the ejecta undergo substantial mixing and fallback to form massive black holes. Such supernovae have been observed. The abundance patterns are not, however, consistent with enrichment by supernovae from stars in the range 130-300 M(O). We accordingly infer that the first-generation supernovae came mostly from explosions of approximately 20-130 M(O) stars; some of these produced iron-poor but carbon- and oxygen-rich ejecta. Low-mass second-generation stars, like HE0107-5240, could form because the carbon and oxygen provided pathways for the gas to cool.     

弱s过程分量系数C2的研究

利用贫金属星中子俘获元素丰度的模型计算了30颗样品星的分量系数,并详细分析了弱s过程分量系数C2小于零的各种可能原因。     

An extremely primitive star in the Galactic halo

The early Universe had a chemical composition consisting of hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium; almost all other elements were subsequently created in stars and supernovae. The mass fraction of elements more massive than helium, Z, is known as 'metallicity'. A number of very metal-poor stars has been found, some of which have a low iron abundance but are rich in carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. For theoretical reasons and because of an observed absence of stars with Z?相似文献   

Nucleosynthesis yields from different mass stars

Stellar nucleosynthesis yield is a vital factor of galactic chemical evolution model With different yields，various evolutionary behavior of elements call be predicted，hence different scenarios of galactic chemical evolution call be shown Investigators calculated different yields adopting different parameters of stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis The corresponding parameters and the resulting yields of elements are compared for low，intermediate-mass slats and massive slats，SO that these analyses call provide valuable information and guidance to stellar nucleosynthesis and galactic chemical evolution studies.