浅述心理应激对运动员免疫功能影响的生理物质基础

目前已经有很多研究表明激动、焦虑等心理应激状态可以使运动员的免疫功能产生影响。近期矫伟的研究也提示了精神因素在免疫系统对运动的反应中发挥着确定的作用。但揭示连接运动过程中心理应激对运动员免疫系统影响的过程并非易事。对于应激和免疫关系的研究表明,应激改变了免疫系统工作的方式。一些研究者认为应激通过抑制一些抵抗疾病的细胞的活性来降低机体对疾病的抵抗。谢科特小组指出放松训练可增强天然杀伤细胞活性,这表明某些应对活动会增强免疫系统功能,其机制尚不清楚,然而,研究者指出它可能与面临应激的类型和应激发生的时间有…     

束缚浸水应激对大鼠白细胞数量的影响

探讨束缚浸水应激对大鼠外周血白细胞数量的影响．采用大鼠束缚浸水应激模型,观察大鼠束缚浸水、切断迷走神经、阿托品和酚妥拉明对白细胞数量的影响．与正常对照组相比,束缚浸水应激组白细胞、中性粒细胞以及淋巴细胞的数目显著减少（P〈0．05）;与不切断迷走神经相比,切断迷走神经组中自细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞的数目显著降低（P〈0．05）,中性粒细胞与单核细胞数目非常显著减少（P〈0．01）;与束缚浸水应激相比,注射阿托品组中,各免疫细胞数目无明显差异;注射酚妥拉明大鼠淋巴细胞显著减少（P〈0．05）,白细胞数量虽然升高,但不明显．束缚浸水应激能显著降低外周血的白细胞、中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞的数目,迷走神经和交感神经参与了束缚浸水应激过程,且可能影响免疫细胞的数目     

应激及地塞米松对小鼠胸腺细胞和脾脏细胞凋亡的作用

目的：研究应激对小鼠胸腺细胞及脾脏细胞凋亡的作用机理,方法：以小鼠为模型,采用碘化丙啶染色结合流式细胞仪分析,研究应激（将四肢固定用水淹至颈部）,注射地塞米松（dexamethasone,DEX)或应激同时注射DEX对胸腺细胞及脾脏细胞的凋亡的作用）。结果：胸腺细胞和脾脏细胞的凋亡百分率与腹腔注射DEX的剂量呈正相关,其中胸腺细胞更易于调亡,应激能引起胸腺细胞及脾脏细胞的凋亡（P＜0．01）,DEX能增强应激对胸腺细胞及脾脏细胞的凋亡作用（P＜0．01）,结论：应激可通过诱导免疫细胞凋亡而削弱机体的免疫力,引起疾病发生;DEX在应激诱导细胞凋亡时所起的协同作用提示两者可能通过类似的机制发挥作用。     

细胞凋亡过程中热休克蛋白的调节

热休克蛋白(heatshockproteins,HSPs)是一类进化上高度保守,广泛存在于自然界原核、真核细胞中的蛋白质。HSPs在正常细胞中呈基础性表达,维持细胞的基本形态和功能;它在应激环境下的细胞中,可参与细胞的损伤和修复,发挥应激保护作用。新近的研究发现,HSPs在细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用。     

基于碳纳米线圈的细胞应激性测试探针

外界力、电刺激对细胞行为具有显著影响,细胞的力、电应激特性研究广受关注. 使用碳纳米线圈对单个活体细胞定量施加局域力学和电学刺激,探究了细胞的应激特性. 研究发现碳纳米线圈的局域力刺激可以引起细胞的整体响应,且受激响应程度与外力的作用形式和大小有关. 另外,细胞在碳纳米线圈施加的局域电刺激下会产生显著极性响应,并可在撤掉电刺激后逐渐恢复至初始状态,表明其生理结构和功能未受到破坏. 基于碳纳米线圈的非侵入性柔性生物探针具有安全可控、易操作和低成本等优点,在活体细胞对的应激和传导机制研究、细胞行为调控等领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

基于碳纳米线圈的细胞应激性测试探针

外界力、电刺激对细胞行为具有显著影响,细胞的力、电应激特性研究广受关注.使用碳纳米线圈对单个活体细胞定量施加局域力学和电学刺激,探究了细胞的应激特性.研究发现碳纳米线圈的局域力刺激可以引起细胞的整体响应,且受激响应程度与外力的作用形式和大小有关.另外,细胞在碳纳米线圈施加的局域电刺激下会产生显著极性响应,并可在撤掉电刺激后逐渐恢复至初始状态,表明其生理结构和功能未受到破坏.基于碳纳米线圈的非侵入性柔性生物探针具有安全可控、易操作和低成本等优点,在活体细胞对的应激和传导机制研究、细胞行为调控等领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

脉冲磁场对应激大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖的影响

建立大鼠束缚应激模型及脉冲磁场环境，观察应激大鼠在脉冲磁场环境中海马神经千细胞数及增殖变化．实验设对照、应激、磁场、应激磁场4个组，应用免疫组织化学法观察和计算各组海马巢蛋白（Nestin）和溴化脱氧核糖尿嘧啶（BrdU）的阳性细胞数．研究结果显示，Nestin在各组海马CA1和CA2区表达，BrdU在海马齿状回表达．实验各组Nestin和BrdU的阳性细胞比对照组明显增加，应激磁场组增加更显著，而磁场组和应激磁场组则无明显差异．这表明应激能引起大鼠海马神经千细胞内源性增殖，脉冲磁场能显著提高应激大鼠海马神经千细胞的增殖反应，提示在应激脑损伤的基础上，脉冲磁场作为外源性物理因素能刺激神经千细胞增殖，并可能修复受损神经元。     

缰核参与应激性高血压的形成及其神经元c—fos蛋白表达与细胞凋亡的探讨

缰核(Habenulae,Hb)是边缘系统与脑干联络的中继站.本工制备了应激性高血压大鼠,测定应激后大鼠血浆中血管紧张素II(AII)的浓度及缰核在应激下神经元的c—fos蛋白表达与细胞凋亡现象,目的是探讨缰核在调节心血管活动方面发挥的作用.结果表明,正常血压大鼠可在被应激半个月内变成高血压大鼠,在急性应激2小时之时AII在血浆内的浓度可达最高,应激2小时之时的缰核c—fos蛋白表达也在几个应激组为最多,提示血浆内AII与缰核c—fos蛋白表达有相关性.慢性应激致缰核神经元细胞凋亡及大鼠形成应激性高血压表明,参与血压调节的神经元损伤后调节血压能力下调,可能致使动物血压进一步升高.     

内质网应激源和雷帕霉素受体蛋白调控的自噬和凋亡

细胞自噬与凋亡是多细胞体生物维持自身稳态的重要生理反应机制。分别将自噬和凋亡诱导剂Beclin1和Caspases被引入到Kapuy等人建立的模型中,这个模型描述了内质网应激压力的条件,雷帕霉素受体蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)调控Beclin1控制的自噬与Caspases导向的凋亡。另外,探讨了内质网应激源和mTOR相关的参数对自噬和凋亡的调控。结果显示,虽然mTOR会抑制细胞自噬活性,但内质网应激压力仍然会引发这一过程。当自噬切换到凋亡时,内质网应激压力与mTOR的共同作用下会加速细胞的死亡。     

营养元素调控热休克蛋白研究进展

热休克蛋白(Heat Shock Protein,HSP)是生物体在受热或其他不利环境因素刺激下应激合成的一组特殊蛋白质.HSP的生物学功能广泛,不仅表现在热应激条件下参与细胞的抗损伤、修复和热耐受过程,保护细胞生命活动,而且在蛋白质折叠、跨膜运输、细胞骨架及核骨架稳定等方面发挥重要作用.由于机体的营养状况与应激能力密切相关,本文主要综述了营养元素对HSP合成的调控作用.     

Induction of protective immunity against experimental infection with malaria using synthetic peptides

Synthetic peptides are potential vaccine candidates because they may be able to induce high antibody titres and specific cellular immune responses against native proteins and thus the whole invading organism. In a previous study we showed that immunization with molecules of relative molecular mass (Mr) 155,000 (155K) 83K, 55K and 35K, specific for the late schizont and merozoite stages of Plasmodium falciparum, could elicit either partial or total protection in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys experimentally infected with P. falciparum. Here we have chemically synthesized 18 peptides corresponding to different fragments of these proteins to immunize Aotus trivirgatus monkeys. Some peptides gave partial protection from challenge with P. falciparum parasites, but none provided complete protection individually. A combination of three partially protective peptides gave complete or almost complete protection, however, suggesting that this particular combination of peptides is a good candidate for a malaria vaccine.     

Beta 2-microglobulin restriction of antigen presentation.

Antigens are generally thought to be recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes as peptides in the context of class I major histocompatibility proteins complex, which are heterodimers of heavy chains noncovalently associated with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). The highly polymorphic nature of the heavy chains and their resulting ability to present different sets of peptides has presumably evolved to allow potent immune responses against most pathogens. By contrast, the polymorphism of beta 2m is limited; seven alleles are known in the mouse and only one has been identified in humans. beta 2-Microglobulin was consequently thought to have only structural functions: namely, to ensure correct folding of class I molecules and their transport to the cell surface. Although beta 2m is not implicated directly in the formation of the peptide binding site, we report here that it participates in the selection of MHC class I molecule-associated peptides.     

Allele-specific motifs revealed by sequencing of self-peptides eluted from MHC molecules.

The crystal structures of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules contain a groove occupied by heterogeneous material thought to represent peptides central to immune recognition, although until now relatively little characterization of the peptides has been possible. Exact information about the contents of MHC grooves is now provided. Moreover, each MHC class I allele has its individual rules to which peptides presented in the groove adhere.     

Proteolysis, proteasomes and antigen presentation.

Proteins presented to the immune system must first be cleaved to small peptides by intracellular proteinases. Proteasomes are proteolytic complexes that degrade cytosolic and nuclear proteins. These particles have been implicated in ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis and in the processing of intracellular antigens for cytolytic immune responses.     

Analysis of biomarkers for the cross-linkage of formaldehyde with bovine serum albumin peptides

Formaldehyde, a well-known environmental toxic hazard, has been found to produce endogenously via semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase-catalyzed oxidative deamination of methylamine. In diabetes, the activity of SSAO has been found to increase with a subsequent increase in endogenous formaldehyde production. It has been postulated that SSAO-induced production of formaldehyde may be involved in the alteration of protein structure, which may subsequently cause protein deposition associated with chronic pathological disorders. Formaldehyde has also been found to react （cross-link） with amino group of the N-terminal amino acid residue and with the side-chains of arginine, cysteine, histidine and lysine residues. Therefore, formaldehyde may be responsible, at least in part, for protein cross-linkage, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. The cross-linking of formaldehyde with bovine serum albumin was studied using LC-MS and Mascot database. The peptides sequence for control BSA （untreated） digested with trypsin was matched in the online database search query by exporting the MS/MS data to online MASCOT database. In this way, a total of twenty-seven peptides were matched in the database search query. These twenty-seven peptides were then searched manually in all of the tryptic BSA samples treated with different concentrations of FA that were incubated in different time intervals. Six formaldehyde-treated BSA peptides （FKDLGEEHFK, HLVDEPQNLIK, KVPQVSTPTLVEVSR, RPCFSALTPDETYVPK, LVNELTEFAK, DAFLGSFLYEYSR） were found to be the possible markers for formaldehyde-protein/peptides adducts.     

对虾免疫功能指标的建立及其应用

对虾与其它的无脊椎动物一样,缺乏特异性免疫系统,而主要以天然的免疫反应为主.它们主要是通过酚氧化酶原激活系统,抗菌肽,凝集素等的作用来达到抗病抑菌,消除异物的目的.通过测定抗病的和注射微生物后的日本对虾几个免疫因子的活性,发现它们的酚氧化酶,溶血作用,过氧化物酶,凝集作用等较普通的日本对虾有不同程度的提高.而注射微生物后在不同时间对这些免疫因子活性的测定,发现在注射后6h,日本对虾有较高的免疫反应.通过这几个指标的测定,对判断虾是否具有高免疫水平/抗病能力提供一个参考.     

In vivo priming of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes with synthetic lipopeptide vaccine

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) constitute an essential part of the immune response against viral infections. Such CTL recognize peptides derived from viral proteins together with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of infected cells, and usually require in vivo priming with infectious virus. Here we report that synthetic viral peptides covalently linked to tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteinyl-seryl-serine (P3CSS) can efficiently prime influenza-virus-specific CTL in vivo. These lipopeptides are able to induce the same high-affinity CTL as does the infectious virus. Our data are not only relevant to vaccine development, but also have a bearing on basic immune processes leading to the transition of virgin T cells to activated effector cells in vivo, and to antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules.     

A linguistic model for the rational design of antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AmPs) are small proteins that are used by the innate immune system to combat bacterial infection in multicellular eukaryotes. There is mounting evidence that these peptides are less susceptible to bacterial resistance than traditional antibiotics and could form the basis for a new class of therapeutic agents. Here we report the rational design of new AmPs that show limited homology to naturally occurring proteins but have strong bacteriostatic activity against several species of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. These peptides were designed using a linguistic model of natural AmPs: we treated the amino-acid sequences of natural AmPs as a formal language and built a set of regular grammars to describe this language. We used this set of grammars to create new, unnatural AmP sequences. Our peptides conform to the formal syntax of natural antimicrobial peptides but populate a previously unexplored region of protein sequence space.     

A malaria T-cell epitope recognized in association with most mouse and human MHC class II molecules

An ideal vaccine should elicit a long lasting immune response against the natural parasite, both at the T- and B-cell level. The immune response should occur in all individuals and be directed against determinants that do not vary in the natural parasite population. A major problem in designing synthetic peptide vaccines is that T cells generally recognize peptide antigens only in association with one or a few of the many variants of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. During the characterization of epitopes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum that are recognized by human T cells, we analysed a sequence of the circumsporozoite protein, and found that synthetic peptides corresponding to this sequence are recognized by T cells in association with many different MHC class II molecules, both in mouse and in man. This region of the circumsporozoite protein is invariant in different parasite isolates. Peptides derived from this region should be capable of inducing T-cell responses in individuals of most HLA-DR types, and may represent good candidates for inclusion in an effective anti-malaria peptide vaccine.     

The major substrates for TAP in vivo are derived from newly synthesized proteins

The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is a member of the family of ABC transporters that translocate a large variety of substrates across membranes. TAP transports peptides from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum for binding to MHC class I molecules and for subsequent presentation to the immune system. Here we follow the lateral mobility of TAP in living cells. TAP's mobility increases when it is inactive and decreases when it translocates peptides. Because TAP activity is dependent on substrate, the mobility of TAP is used to monitor the intracellular peptide content in vivo. Comparison of the diffusion rates in peptide-free and peptide-saturated cells indicates that normally about one-third of all TAP molecules actively translocate peptides. However, during an acute influenza infection TAP becomes fully employed owing to the production and degradation of viral proteins. Furthermore, TAP activity depends on continuing protein translation. This implies that MHC class I molecules mainly sample peptides that originate from newly synthesized proteins, to ensure rapid presentation to the immune system.