低比例DME/LPG混合燃料对点燃式发动机性能和排放的影响

在发动机试验台架上初步研究了Santana 2000汽油机燃用w=-5%～15%二甲醚(DME)的DME/LPG(液化石油气)混合燃料时的性能以及排放,分析了混合燃料对汽油机性能的影响.研究结果表明:燃用低比例的DME/LPG混合燃料时,发动机的动力性达到甚至略超过燃用LPG时的水平,有效热效率和燃油经济性都有所改善;点燃式发动机燃用DME/LPG混合燃料后,发动机的CO和HC排放降低,Nox排放增加.低比例DME/LPG混合燃料在点燃式发动机中具有一定的开发潜力.     

天然气发动机动力性恢复研究

通过控制装置转换两用燃料来恢复发动机的动力性。在对两种燃料进行了性能对比试验后,分析并确定了转换点对应的节气门开度。然后进行燃料转换试验。研究结果表明：天然气汽油转换发动机运转稳定,最佳的转换位置是50％节气门开度。开度低于50％时,发动机燃用天然气;高于50％后,燃用汽油以恢复动力性要求。转换前后发动机排放分别接近燃用天然气和汽油的排放量。     

天然气发动机使用性能的分析与改善

分析了天然气发动机动力性能下降机理,与燃用汽油比较,计算出燃用天然气时的实际分子变更系数β=1,燃用天然气循环功损失为5.74%。汽油车改为天然气车后,热效率增加,但混合气热值及充气量减小幅度较大,加之β减小,使动力性有较大的下降。在以CA6102发动机为基础改装的天然气/汽油两用燃料发动机上进行了动力性试验。满负荷实测试验表明,发动机燃用天然气时,进气量为燃用汽油时进气量的89.9%,仅进气量下降就使发动机的动力性能下降约10%。外特性试验表明,在发动机转速为3 000 r.min-1时,燃用天然气和燃用汽油时的功率分别为65.3kW和89.5 kW,燃用天然气燃料功率损失高达27%。最后给出了提高天然气汽车动力性的措施。     

丁醇汽油对发动机性能影响的实验研究

以93#无铅汽油为基础油,按照体积分数配制出20%的丁醇-汽油混合燃料,研究了电喷汽油机在不作改动的情况下燃用高掺混比丁醇-汽油混合燃料时的动力性和经济性变化情况.研究结果表明,在不改变汽油机任何参数的情况下,与原汽油机相比,20%体积掺混率的丁醇-汽油混合燃料动力性相差不大,低转速性能还稍有提高,而CO和HC的排放则有明显的改善.     

食用油下脚料制生物柴油混合燃料的发动机性能改善研究

在单缸直喷柴油机上燃用生物柴油混合燃料进行动力性与经济性、燃烧与排放特性试验。研究表明:与燃用纯生物柴油相比,发动机燃用生物柴油醇类混合燃料功率降低;有效燃油消耗率增加,有效能量消耗率降低;燃烧压力曲线后移,小负荷时峰值压力降低,中高负荷时峰值压力增加;CO与碳烟排放浓度降低(掺混甲醇效果更好)、HC排放略有增加但绝对值低、NOX排放基本保持不变。     

二甲醚发动机掺烧液化石油气燃烧和排放特性的试验研究

在一台直喷二甲醚发动机上,进行了掺烧液化石油气(LPG)的台架试验,研究混合燃料中LPG的含量对二甲醚发动机燃烧和排放的影响。研究表明,随着混合燃料中LPG含量的增加,滞燃期延长、着火始点延后、燃烧持续期缩短,低负荷时变化更大。燃油消耗率随LPG含量增大先降低后增加,LPG含量过高或过低都会导致油耗率升高。在二甲醚中掺混30%LPG时油耗率最低,发动机经济性最佳。LPG对NO_x排放影响较为复杂,低负荷时,随LPG含量的增大;NO_x排放上升。中高负荷时,随LPG含量增大,NO_x排放先增大后减小。随着LPG含量增大,发动机HC排放略有升高,CO排放迅速增加;高负荷时CO排放增幅更大。研究结果为LPG燃料在压燃式发动机上的应用及改善二甲醚发动机的燃油经济性提供了试验指导。     

乙醇汽油发动机排放特性研究

在一台JL368Q3多点电喷汽油机上，开展了乙醇汽油（不同掺混比）发动机排放特性的研究，并用GC2010气相色谱仪测量了排气中未燃醇醛的排放浓度．试验结果表明：在发动机运转参数相同的条件下，燃用E10、E20（乙醇的体积分数分别为10％、20％）混合燃料时，发动机的CO和NOx排放有了较好的改善，降幅可分别达到15％和5％，但在高负荷时发动机的HC排放增加；乙醇汽油发动机排气中的醇醛排放随发动机的转速和负荷增加而增加，其中乙醛排放随燃料中乙醇含量的增加而增加；经过三效催化转化后，乙醇汽油发动机的醇醛在大部分工况下可以实现零排放．     

电控液化石油气单缸发动机试验研究

对188型单缸发动机燃用液化石油气(LPG)的性能进行了试验研究.改进设计了LPG供气系统和原机点火系统,标定了LPG喷射器的流量特性,分析了不同压缩比、点火角对发动机性能和排放的影响规律.借助设计的控制系统实现了发动机各个工况下喷气量和点火定时的控制,并通过试验对发动机燃用汽油和LPG两种情况下的性能进行了对比分析.结果表明,改进后的电控LPG单缸发动机经济性得到了提高,排放性也得到一定的改善.     

异丁醇汽油混合燃料发动机燃烧排放特性研究

将体积分数为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%的异丁醇与体积分数为90%、80%、70%、60%、50%的汽油混合组成5种异丁醇汽油混合燃料,结合纯汽油,在一台四缸汽油机上进行发动机燃烧排放的研究和对比.结果表明:汽油机燃用合适比例异丁醇汽油混合燃料的功率和扭矩与燃用纯汽油时基本相当;燃用混合燃料的燃油消耗率和等效燃油消耗率略有增加,能量消耗率多数转速下低于纯汽油;混合燃料的CO、THC和NO_x排放与燃用纯汽油时相比均有不同程度的降低,但混合燃料的CO_2排放和排烟温度有所增加.     

单一ECM两用燃料系统开发和整车匹配研究

文章介绍了一种汽油/CNG两用燃料控制系统,该系统将燃气控制模块集成到了原车ECM中,利用该系统可以将电控汽油喷射汽车设计开发成汽油/CNG两用燃料汽车.通过优化匹配,可使该车在燃油CNG时排放达到国家第三阶段排放法规的要求,整车动力性、经济性均满足国家标准,而且匹配该系统的汽车在燃用汽油时,仍保持原车的技术指标水平.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with