长江江豚迁地保护概述

长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asaeorientalis)是江豚的扬子亚种,目前其种群数量已经不足1 400头,处于十分濒危的状况.其生态环境受到人为极大的影响,且在可预见的将来没有好转的迹象,因此,迁地保护长江江豚被认为是最有希望避免其灭绝的保护策略.目前,中国科学院水生生物研究所在室内豚池、石首天鹅洲白豚国家级自然保护区和铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区在半自然水域均构建了长江江豚迁地保护种群.该文概述了40多年来国内长江江豚迁地保护的成果及现状,探讨了今后开展迁地保护工作应注意的重点问题.做好长江江豚的保护工作,建立更多的迁地保护区是根本措施;开展长江江豚繁殖学研究是主要对策;规范和统一保护行动是有效途径.     

长江江豚保护生物学研究进展

近年来研究表明长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的一个亚种,其种群数量明显减少,栖息地正在丧失。我国已有长江江豚30年饲养实践经验,建立长江豚类自然保护区,同时开展长江江豚饲养下的行为学与繁殖学研究,是保护本种积极有效的措施。     

南京～湖口段长江江豚的种群数量和分布特点

长江南京～湖口间４２１ｋｍ长的江段有江豚约６９７头,其中以华阳至湖口一带密度最高．江豚的分布为聚集分布．此外,江豚还具有很强的趋岸性,８８．８％的江豚出现在离岸５００ｍ的范围内．长江江豚的数量近年来有所下降．以本文中的平均密度粗略估计江阴至武汉段长江江豚的种群数量为１４８１头,比张先锋等（１９９３）报道的该江段江豚的数量低１７１头．     

铜陵江段豚类资源与保护措施的研究

铜陵江段是长江下游唯一常年能发现白暨豹Lipotes uexillifer,且为长江江豚Neophocaena phcaenoides asaeorien-talis种群数量最集中，密度最大的江段，利用铜陵白暨豚养护场现有的条件，建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区，在半自然水域中开展豚类人工饲养是保护白暨豚和长江江豚的有效途径。     

长江江豚坝状堪忧

20世纪70年代末,我国开始系统地开展白鳍豚的研究及保护工作,与此同时,长江江豚(以下简称江豚)也随之受到关注。当时有关专家认为,威胁白鳍豚生存的几个主要因素,即酷捕滥捞、航运及水利设施建设、水体污染等,同时也威胁着江豚,由此导致了白鳍豚和江豚种群数量的急剧下降,并直接威胁到种群的兴衰存亡。当时就有专家预测,在不久的将来,江豚极有可能面临同当时白鳍豚一样的濒危处境。因此,江豚的保护问题必须得到高度重视,要尽早、尽快地开展相关研究和保护工作。     

拯救“水中大熊猫”

长江江豚是全球唯一的江豚淡水亚种，已在地球上生存2500万年，     

我们能否帮助江豚摆脱困境?

长江江豚是江豚的唯一淡水亚种,终生生活在长江中下游干流和大型通江湖泊中。在经济利益驱动下,人们对长江的利用和开发力度一直在加大,     

江豚还能微笑多久？

本刊2007年第4期刊发了王克雄老师的《我们能否帮助江豚摆脱困境？》一文,7年来,王老师和他的同事一直在对江豚进行跟踪、调查、研究和保护。曾经处于生存危境的江豚如今过得怎么样？它们是否会重蹈白豚的覆辙？我们还能在长江中见到江豚吗？
　　为了解答上述疑问,我们再次邀请王克雄老师延续7年前的主题,为读者介绍江豚的生存状况和保护研究工作进展。希望此举能呼唤更多的人关注长江、关注江豚、关注更多濒危野生生物的命运,思考人与自然的关系。     

长江江豚

江豚（Neophocaenaphocaenoides），是鼠海豚科仅有的一种，有3个亚种：分布于印度洋沿岸及香港的印度洋江豚；分布于长江、湘江和赣江的长江江豚；分布于韩国及日本的东亚江豚。     

江豚会步白(既鱼)豚后尘吗?

长江江豚这一自古就被渔民们称为“河神”的物种,现在长江中也已不足2000头。由于人类的活动,白暨豚已不足百头并濒于灭绝。那么在不远的将来,白暨豚的今天是否会成为江豚的明天呢? 长江江豚在哭泣落日的余辉将江面照得鳞光闪闪,一大群淡水豚在江中翻跃嬉闹,不时溅起朵朵金色的浪花。其中大豚白色,小豚黑色,它们就是被渔民称为“长江女神”的白暨豚和“河神”的江豚。因为每一次白暨豚和江豚的欢闹嬉戏便会“引起”第二天的狂风     

建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区考察研究

报道了铜陵江段白鱀豚 (Lipotesvexillifer )和长江江豚 (Neophocaenaphocaenoidesasiaeorientalis)资源现状及影响豚类生存制约因子 ,提出建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区 ,加强栖息地保护 ,具有良好的生态效益和社会效益。     

Study on the sex-related AFLP marker of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The sex-related molecular marker of the Yangtze finless porpoise was screened using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism （AFLP） technique combined with the bulked segregant analysis. Totally 36 AFLP primer combinations were used to detect the genome DNA bulks of the female and male porpoises, and one sex-related AFLP marker was finally obtained. The marker can be applied to sex identification, and provides a base for further cloning of sex-related genes and analyzing of Y chromosome haplotypes of the Yangtze finless porpoise.     

Parentage determination of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis in the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve based on molecular data

Reproductive behaviors are poorly known for the Yangtze finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis. In this study, the parentage of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population inhabiting the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve is determined by analysis of microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, and the porpoise's reproductive behaviors are studied. Overall 4 full parentage assignments and additional 3 single parentage assignments were determined for the population of 23 individuals. The analysis shows that their estimated reproductive cycle is shorter than that reported previously and there probably exists an overlapping between gestation and lactation period. The study also shows that the female does not show fidelity to a particular male for breeding and vice versa, the oldest males did not monopolize mating and the dominance rank could not be so strict for the porpoise society. Moreover, the porpoise's mating pattern and relatedness among candidate parents are discussed here. These results provide important information for making guidelines of management and conservation for this protected population.     

Population status, threats and conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The Yangtze finless porpoise （Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis） is currently limited to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Yichang to Shanghai, China, and the adjoining Poyang and Dongting Lakes. Its population size has decreased remarkably during the last several decades due to the heavy impact of human activities, including overfishing of prey species, water development projects that cause attendant habitat loss and degradation, water pollution, and accidental deaths caused by harmful fishing gear and collisions with motorized vessels. It was estimated that the number of remaining individuals was down to approximately 1800 in 2006, a number that is decreasing at a rate as high as 5% per year. Three conservation measures - in situ and ex situ conservation and captive breeding have been applied to the protection of this unique porpoise since the early 1990s. Seven natural and two ＂semi-natural＂ reserves have so far been established. Since 1996, a small group of finless porpoises has been successfully reared in a facility at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; three babies were born in captivity on July 5, 2005, June 2, 2007 and July 5, 2008. These are the first freshwater cetaceans ever born in captivity in the world. Several groups of these porpoises caught in the main stream of the Yangtze River, or rescued, have been introduced into the Tian＇e-Zhou Semi-natural Reserve since 1990. These efforts have proven that, not only can these animals survive in the area, they are also to reproduce naturally and successfully. More than 30 calves had been born in the reserve since then, with one to three born each year. Taking deaths and transfers into account, there were approximately 30 individuals living in the reserve as of the end of 2007. Among eight mature females captured in April 2008, five were confirmed pregnant. This effort represents the first successful attempt at off-site protection of a cetacean species in the world, and establishes a solid base for conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise. A lesson must be drawn from the tragedy of Chinese River Dolphin （Lipotes vexillifer）, which has already been declared likely extinct. Strong, effective and appropriate protective measures must be carried out quickly to prevent the Yangtze finless porpoise from becoming a second Chinese River Dolphin, and save the biodiversity of the Yangtze River as a whole.     

江豚(Neophocaena Phocaenoides)的动脉系统(Ⅰ)心脏、主动脉弓和头颈部的动脉

研究了江豚的心脏，主动脉弓和头颈部的动脉，并与多种齿鲸相比较。与陆生哺乳类相比：江豚的心尖偏右，江豚左、右头臂动脉干的直径差别很大，右胸后动脉由右头臂动脉干发出；无椎动脉，颈内动脉退化，颈外动脉明显粗大；无明显的颈动脉窦结构；左、右舌动脉分支为３支和２支     

北部湾海域的江豚

从北部湾海域获得11只江豚标本,测量了其外部形态的26个生物学参数,包括体质量、体长、体围、背部棘状小结节等.对内脏及胃含物称重,并详细鉴定食物种类,结果显示:江豚食谱广,以鱼为主,食物组成与该海域的鱼类区系相似.测量了背、腹部前、中、后6个位置的脂肪层厚度,并根据背部棘状小结节的分布,判定为南方亚种Neophocaena phocaenoides.除了大小尺度不同,江豚幼体与成体间在外部形态和内部器官的分化上差别不大.