Kondo合金低温电阻率的自洽计算

从Slave-boson平均场理论出发,对Yoshimori-Kasai模型进行修正,应用相干势近似(CPA)方法计算了Kondo合金低温电阻率。结果表明,当合金中磁性原子浓度大于某个值时,重费米子系统明显地表现出相干性。给出了低温下电阻率的表达式。     

重费米子系统态密度

本文将Slave-boson平均场方法应用于Kondo晶格模型,计算了低温下重费米子系统的电子态密度。结果表明:在极低温度下费米面存在赝能隙;在较高温度下此赝能隙将为态密度峰所取代。     

重费米子体系的ARPES研究

重费米子体系是一类经典的强关联电子体系,在非常规超导、量子相变、强关联理论等方面扮演着重要的角色.重费米子化合物中的f电子在高温下形成局域的磁矩,随着温度的降低, f电子磁矩会被导带电子屏蔽,在费米能量附近形成有效质量很大的准粒子态,显著地影响着材料的物理性质.本文简要介绍角分辨光电子能谱技术在重费米子研究方面的应用,主要包括重费米子体系中f电子局域/巡游特性及转变,晶体场劈裂,不同f电子填充对杂化和基态性质的影响, f电子与导带电子的能带依赖性杂化以及f电子相关的莫特物理.     

均匀重力场中弱相互作用费米气体的低温性质

根据半经典近似法和局域密度近似法,分别研究了均匀重力场中理想费米气体和弱相互作用费米气体的低温性质,得到了一些重要热力学量的一般解析表达式.对自由费米体系,均匀重力场中理想费米体系,均匀重力场中弱相互作用费米体系进行了比较,探讨了重力势场及粒子间的相互作用对体系性质的影响.     

对称周期Anderson模型的基态性质

对称周期Ａｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ模型的基态性质滕保华（四川联合大学应用物理系）黄建敏蒋夏萍（华北水电学院基础部）周期Ａｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ模型是一种用于研究重费米子系统物理性质的有效模型［１～５］．我们应用Ｇｒｅｅｎ函数方法研究了对称周期Ａｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ模型，首先...     

非理想费米气体的低温性质

根据赝势法求出的非理想费米系统的能谱,导出粒子间存在弱相互作用的费米气体的自由能、化学势,压强、熵、内能和定容热容等物理量的解析表达式,探讨粒子间的相互作用对系统低温性质的影响.     

关于平衡态下费米气体最小冷原子数目的讨论

应用统计物理等知识得到费米气体的定容热容量Cν的解析表达式，再利用热容量Cν与平衡态下冷原子的最小数目Nmin之间的关系分析讨论了弱相互作用费米气体在无外磁场和谐振势约束两种情况，给出了对这种系统的最小粒子数量级的估计。由此可知，在低温极限下，对于一个弱相互作用费米气体系统，无外磁场情况下至少要有量级为107的粒子才能构成一个热力学系统，而谐振势约束情况下则至少需要量级为105的粒子。     

低温费米气体的数值计算

通过对Fermi-Dirac分布函数的线性近似处理,提出了低温费米气体的简单模型,并利用Mathematica5.0软件进行了编程计算,给出了化学势和内能等热力学量的近似表达式,与级数展开法进行比较,结果表明线性近似处理方法能够较为准确的定量描述费米气体的低温行为.     

分立对称性与三代费米子的统一(Ⅰ)

本文提出了一个SU(7)规范群的代大统一模型。它可容纳三代具有V—A型弱作用的通常费米子,实现了现实费米子的统一描述。模型保留了SU(5)大统一模型的部全好的结果,同时给出了夸克轻子间一些质量关系式及第一Cabibbo角。     

弱磁场中弱相互作用费米气体的相对论修正效应

基于量子统计方法，通过考虑单粒子能谱的相对论修正且引入无自旋自由费米子的非相对论自由能，导出弱磁场中弱相互作用费米气体的自由能，给出各种温度条件下系统热力学量的解析式，详细具体地展示相对论修正对热力学性质的影响，并分析其影响机理.研究表明，与非相对论比较，相对论修正总是降低化学势，在低温下也降低总能及热容量，而在高温下增加总能及热容量；除低温下的热容量外，总能及热容量的改变比例于磁场的平方.     

Hall-effect evolution across a heavy-fermion quantum critical point

A quantum critical point (QCP) develops in a material at absolute zero when a new form of order smoothly emerges in its ground state. QCPs are of great current interest because of their singular ability to influence the finite temperature properties of materials. Recently, heavy-fermion metals have played a key role in the study of antiferromagnetic QCPs. To accommodate the heavy electrons, the Fermi surface of the heavy-fermion paramagnet is larger than that of an antiferromagnet. An important unsolved question is whether the Fermi surface transformation at the QCP develops gradually, as expected if the magnetism is of spin-density-wave (SDW) type, or suddenly, as expected if the heavy electrons are abruptly localized by magnetism. Here we report measurements of the low-temperature Hall coefficient (R(H))--a measure of the Fermi surface volume--in the heavy-fermion metal YbRh2Si2 upon field-tuning it from an antiferromagnetic to a paramagnetic state. R(H) undergoes an increasingly rapid change near the QCP as the temperature is lowered, extrapolating to a sudden jump in the zero temperature limit. We interpret these results in terms of a collapse of the large Fermi surface and of the heavy-fermion state itself precisely at the QCP.     

Plutonium-based superconductivity with a transition temperature above 18 K

Plutonium is a metal of both technological relevance and fundamental scientific interest. Nevertheless, the electronic structure of plutonium, which directly influences its metallurgical properties, is poorly understood. For example, plutonium's 5f electrons are poised on the border between localized and itinerant, and their theoretical treatment pushes the limits of current electronic structure calculations. Here we extend the range of complexity exhibited by plutonium with the discovery of superconductivity in PuCoGa5. We argue that the observed superconductivity results directly from plutonium's anomalous electronic properties and as such serves as a bridge between two classes of spin-fluctuation-mediated superconductors: the known heavy-fermion superconductors and the high-T(c) copper oxides. We suggest that the mechanism of superconductivity is unconventional; seen in that context, the fact that the transition temperature, T(c) approximately 18.5 K, is an order of magnitude greater than the maximum seen in the U- and Ce-based heavy-fermion systems may be natural. The large critical current displayed by PuCoGa5, which comes from radiation-induced self damage that creates pinning centres, would be of technological importance for applied superconductivity if the hazardous material plutonium were not a constituent.     

Quantum critical behaviour in a high-T(c) superconductor

Quantum criticality is associated with a system composed of a nearly infinite number of interacting quantum degrees of freedom at zero temperature, and it implies that the system looks on average the same regardless of the time- and length scale on which it is observed. Electrons on the atomic scale do not exhibit such symmetry, which can only be generated as a collective phenomenon through the interactions between a large number of electrons. In materials with strong electron correlations a quantum phase transition at zero temperature can occur, and a quantum critical state has been predicted, which manifests itself through universal power-law behaviours of the response functions. Candidates have been found both in heavy-fermion systems and in the high-transition temperature (high-T(c)) copper oxide superconductors, but the reality and the physical nature of such a phase transition are still debated. Here we report a universal behaviour that is characteristic of the quantum critical region. We demonstrate that the experimentally measured phase angle agrees precisely with the exponent of the optical conductivity. This points towards a quantum phase transition of an unconventional kind in the high-T(c) superconductors.     

Emerging local Kondo screening and spatial coherence in the heavy-fermion metal YbRh2Si2

The entanglement of quantum states is both a central concept in fundamental physics and a potential tool for realizing advanced materials and applications. The quantum superpositions underlying entanglement are at the heart of the intricate interplay of localized spin states and itinerant electronic states that gives rise to the Kondo effect in certain dilute magnetic alloys. In systems where the density of localized spin states is sufficiently high, they can no longer be treated as non-interacting; if they form a dense periodic array, a Kondo lattice may be established. Such a Kondo lattice gives rise to the emergence of charge carriers with enhanced effective masses, but the precise nature of the coherent Kondo state responsible for the generation of these heavy fermions remains highly debated. Here we use atomic-resolution tunnelling spectroscopy to investigate the low-energy excitations of a generic Kondo lattice system, YbRh(2)Si(2). We find that the hybridization of the conduction electrons with the localized 4f electrons results in a decrease in the tunnelling conductance at the Fermi energy. In addition, we observe unambiguously the crystal-field excitations of the Yb(3+) ions. A strongly temperature-dependent peak in the tunnelling conductance is attributed to the Fano resonance resulting from tunnelling into the coherent heavy-fermion states that emerge at low temperature. Taken together, these features reveal how quantum coherence develops in heavy 4f-electron Kondo lattices. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of real-space electronic structure imaging for the investigation of strong electronic correlations, specifically with respect to coherence phenomena, phase coexistence and quantum criticality.     

Visualizing heavy fermions emerging in a quantum critical Kondo lattice

In solids containing elements with f orbitals, the interaction between f-electron spins and those of itinerant electrons leads to the development of low-energy fermionic excitations with a heavy effective mass. These excitations are fundamental to the appearance of unconventional superconductivity and non-Fermi-liquid behaviour observed in actinide- and lanthanide-based compounds. Here we use spectroscopic mapping with the scanning tunnelling microscope to detect the emergence of heavy excitations with lowering of temperature in a prototypical family of cerium-based heavy-fermion compounds. We demonstrate the sensitivity of the tunnelling process to the composite nature of these heavy quasiparticles, which arises from quantum entanglement of itinerant conduction and f electrons. Scattering and interference of the composite quasiparticles is used to resolve their energy-momentum structure and to extract their mass enhancement, which develops with decreasing temperature. The lifetime of the emergent heavy quasiparticles reveals signatures of enhanced scattering and their spectral lineshape shows evidence of energy-temperature scaling. These findings demonstrate that proximity to a quantum critical point results in critical damping of the emergent heavy excitation of our Kondo lattice system.     

Strong coupling between local moments and superconducting 'heavy' electrons in UPd2Al3

The electronic structure of heavy-fermion compounds arises from the interaction of nearly localized 4f- or 5f-shell electrons (with atomic magnetic moments) with the free-electron-like itinerant conduction-band electrons. In actinide or rare-earth heavy-fermion materials, this interaction yields itinerant electrons having an effective mass about 100 times (or more) the bare electron mass. Moreover, the itinerant electrons in UPd2Al3 are found to be superconducting well below the magnetic ordering temperature of this compound, whereas magnetism generally suppresses superconductivity in conventional metals. Here we report the detection of a dispersive excitation of the ordered f-electron moments, which shows a strong interaction with the heavy superconducting electrons. This 'magnetic exciton' is a localized excitation which moves through the lattice as a result of exchange forces between the magnetic moments. By combining this observation with previous tunnelling measurements on this material, we argue that these magnetic excitons may produce effective interactions between the itinerant electrons, and so be responsible for superconductivity in a manner analogous to the role played by phonons in conventional superconductors.     

低温级以CO2为工质的复叠式制冷循环热力学分析

传统的复叠式制冷循环通常采用的几种工质破坏臭氧层且温室效应较强，为此，对低温级以CO2为工质的复叠式制冷系统进行热力学理论分析，计算了不同蒸发温度下最佳COP及其对应的低温循环冷凝温度和流量比．通过对几种工质组合(R22-R12，R134a-CO2，NH3-CO2，R290-CO2，CO2-CO2，CO2-CO2加膨胀机)的比较，可发现自然工质的COP与传统工质的相当．综合考虑环境因素及设备的选择，自然工质系统值得推荐．     

颗粒间隧穿体系H-A模型的磁电阻翻转效应

基于HELMAN-ABELES模型,超越传统的一级近似,对磁场相关库仑阻塞下体系的磁输运性质进行了系统的理论分析.我们发现,磁场相关的库仑能隙将引起低温下的正磁电阻发散行为,该行为与自旋极化引起的低温负磁电阻相互竞争,使体系的宏观磁电阻随参数的区域变化呈现出复杂的特征.我们分析了该正磁电阻出现的根本原因,从而指出影响磁电阻的因素除了传统的自旋极化率之外,还有与之效果相反的自旋相关库仑能隙的作用,后者为颗粒体系中的磁电阻效应提供了新的可能来源.