应用表面活性剂进行低渗透砂岩铀矿床地浸采铀的实验研究

低渗透砂岩铀矿床的地浸开采是目前的一个技术难题.以新疆某铀矿为对象,利用搅拌浸出和柱浸实验研究了表面活性剂在低渗透铀矿地浸开采中的应用.实验中采用10 g/LH2SO4溶液作溶浸剂,并加入不同量的表面活性剂P.搅拌浸出实验结果表明,溶浸液中加入不同浓度的表面活性剂均可提高铀浸出率,在表面活性剂P的浓度为10 mg/L时其铀浸出率最高,达到92.6%.柱浸实验表明,加入10 mg/L表面活性剂P时矿石渗透系数可提高28.8%,铀的浸出率可提高32%而达到85.79%.表面活性剂降低溶浸液的表面张力,促进了铀的溶解和提高铀浸出率.低渗透砂岩铀矿床可以在溶浸液中加入适当的表面活性剂进行地浸开采.     

Unsaturated flow and solute transport in a porous column using spherical ore particles

This paper dealt with the development of a two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model for column leaching and confirmed the important simulation parameters through experiment. The unsaturated state of the variably saturated flow column and the solute transport of copper ions were studied during leaching. The fluid flow problem was handled using the Richards equation on the premise of an ambient pressure column air, where the van Genuchten formulas were applied to define the nonlinear relationships of pressure head with the retention and permeability properties. The ore column permeability test gave a varied hydraulic conductivity, which was analyzed in the model. In the solute transport problem, the copper ion concentration was solved using the advection-diffusion-reaction equation whose reaction term was determined by the joint analysis of experimental copper leaching rate and the shrinking core model. Particle- and column-scale leaching tests were carried out to illustrate the difference and connection of copper extraction in both processes. This fluid flow and solute transport coupled model was determined through the finite element method using the numerical simulation software, COMSOL Multiphysics.     

A mathematical model for column leaching of ion adsorption-type rare earth ores

Column leaching experiments with ion adsorption-type rare earth ores for different lixiviant concentrations and different column heights were carried out. A mathematical model of column leaching was constructed based on the experimental data. Two parameters(a and b)in the model were determined according to the following methodology: the ore column was divided into several units; each unit was treated with multiple leaching steps. The leaching process was simulated as a series of batch leaching experiments. Parameter a of the model was determined based on the selectivity coefficient of the balanced batch leaching experiment. Further, the influences of ammonium sulfate concentration, rare earth grade, column height, permeability coefficient, and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient on the extraction were analyzed. Relationships between parameter b, the ammonium sulfate concentration, and the physical and mechanical properties of the ore column, were examined using dimensional analysis. It was determined that the optimal ammonium sulfate concentration for different column heights(2.5, 5.0,7.5, and 10.0 cm) using the mathematical model were 5.9, 6.2, 7.3, and 7.7 g/L, respectively. The mathematical model can be used to estimate the breakthrough curve, leaching rate, and leaching period of rare earth ores, to achieve optimal extraction.     

离子型稀土矿原地溶浸溶浸液渗流规律的影响因素

根据离子型稀土矿具有黏土矿物性质,矿物颗粒表面结合水对溶浸液具有粘滞和吸收作用,并能缩小孔隙体积的特点,探讨了矿物颗粒表面结合水的形成机理及其对溶浸液渗流规律的影响.研究结果表明:离子型稀土矿具有B型颗粒结构特征,松散矿物颗粒在满足起动临界水力梯度和颗粒几何尺寸的条件下阻塞孔隙;表面结合水和松散颗粒是影响原地溶浸离子型稀土矿溶漫液渗流规律的2个主要因素.     

表面活性剂对钴矿石生物浸出的影响

研究了表面活性剂Tween-20,Tween-80与RB-1181对钴矿石生物浸出的影响.研究结果表明:添加表面活性剂使溶液与矿物的接触角显著减小,溶液对矿物表面的润湿作用增强;当质量浓度小于0.25 g/L时,表面活性剂对细菌的生长没有不利影响,添加表面活性剂试样与空白试样的亚铁离子均在72 h内被氧化完全;添加表面活性剂能够改变中间产物S的表面性质,促进细菌对S的氧化,加速矿物表面钝化层的溶解.进而矿物溶解加速,金属浸出率提高.在矿浆质量分数为10%,浸出温度为45℃,转速为180 r/min的条件下,加入表面活性剂后,钴浸出率可提高34%以上,铜浸出率提高15%以上,强化效果显著.     

低品位原生金矿的生物柱浸

采用粘结剂S-11将某低品位原生金矿的精矿粘结包裹在其原矿矿石上进行生物柱浸与原矿生物柱浸的对比研究.主要研究了生物柱浸过程中Fe2+浓度,pH,Eh,矿石表面吸附的细菌及菌液中游离细菌数量的变化、矿石的脱砷率、脱硫率,生物柱浸后矿石金的氰化浸出率.结果表明:金精矿包裹后的矿石表面因含硫化矿物较多,更适合细菌的吸附与繁殖;包裹生物柱浸120 d后矿石的脱砷率为70.14%,脱硫率为41.26%,金的氰化浸出率为81.21%,比传统生物柱浸矿石的脱砷率、脱硫率和浸金率分别高24.01%,19.11%和21.48%.包裹生物柱浸对矿石的氧化效果明显.     

浸出过程中矿石颗粒表面微孔裂隙演化规律

为揭示矿石表面微孔裂隙在溶浸液作用下的响应机制,以羊拉碱性氧化铜矿堆浸为工程背景,借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜开展浸出前后矿石表面微形貌演化试验研究,在微孔裂隙发育特征研究的基础上,分析酸浸环境下矿石表面微形貌损伤机制.根据分形几何理论,对矿石表面微孔裂隙演化规律进行分形描述.研究表明:随着浸出时间增加,孔隙分形维数和孔隙率变大,裂隙信息维数也变大,证明可用分形维和信息维表征不同浸出阶段矿石表面不均匀性和复杂程度.同时,Ca,S及Fe等元素会形成结晶物沉淀填充在矿石微裂纹、细微孔隙及晶粒表面,阻塞渗流通道,减缓微孔裂隙进一步扩展或延伸.     

某铀矿细菌菌群柱浸过程中的硫强化作用及其机理分析

评估了由Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans和Leptospirillum ferriphilum组成的混合菌群在柱式反应器中浸出某复杂铀矿的硫强化作用及其可行性。在77 d细菌柱浸过程中,硫强化(8 g/kg)后,铀的浸出率达到了约83.61%,与对照组相比,增加了10%。利用扫描电镜和X射线荧光光谱仪对矿渣进行了表征,结果表明硫强化后的矿渣表面有细菌侵蚀的痕迹且孔隙度增大。细菌群落分析表明,硫强化后浸出液中的优势种群从Leptospirillum ferriphilum转变为Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,且Leptospirillum ferriphilum在下层矿石表面占比从强化前的4.3%增加到了40.74%,和Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans保持了较好的平衡。此外,动力学分析表明,铀矿细菌柱浸动力学模型更遵循了通过中间产物层控制的内部扩散模式,且硫强化能够增强铀的浸出动力学。最后,建立了一个与细菌群落和化学反应相关联的硫强化生物浸铀的机制模型。     

基于不同粒级硫化铜矿石生物浸出的动力学

西藏甲玛地区的硫化铜矿石中含铜矿物以次生硫化铜矿物为主,且含量较低.采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌柱浸的方法对该矿石进行了生物浸出并研究了浸出动力学.基于不同粒级矿石,考察了粒级对铜浸出速率和浸出率的影响,并对浸出率与收缩核模型中的控制方程进行了拟合,确定了浸出过程的控速环节.试验结果表明,铜的浸出速率和浸出率随粒级的减小而增加.矿石表面形貌的SEM表明,浸出过程中矿石表面形成了包含黄钾铁矾的产物层,阻碍了浸出反应的进行.浸出动力学表明,该矿石的浸出过程符合收缩核模型,且浸出应主要受固体产物层内扩散控制.     

Use of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria for the improvement of copper extraction from a low-grade ore

Bioleaching was examined for copper extraction from a low grade ore using mesophilic and moderate thermophilic bacteria. Five equal size columns were used for the leaching of the ore. Sulfuric acid solution with a flow rate of 3.12 L·m-2·h-1 and pH 1.5 passed through each column continuously for 90 d. In the first and the second column, bioleaching was performed without agglomeration of the ore and on the agglomerated ore, respectively. 28wt% of the copper was extracted in the first column after 40 d, while this figure was 38wt% in the second column. After 90 d, however, the overall extractions were almost the same for both of them. Bioleaching with mesophilic bacteria was performed in the third column without agglomeration of the ore and in the fourth column on the agglomerated ore. After 40 d, copper extractions in the third and the fourth columns were 62wt% and 70wt%, respectively. Copper extractions were 75wt% for both the columns after 90 d. For the last column, bioleaching was performed with moderate thermophilic bacteria and agglomerated ore. Copper extractions were 80wt% and 85wt% after 40 and 90 d, respectively. It was concluded that crushing and agglomeration of the ore using bacteria could enhance the copper extraction considerably.     

低品位铀矿石堆浸布液新工艺的试验研究

分析了布液新工艺的优点.用某铀矿低品位铀矿石作模拟矿堆,做小型室内柱浸试验,以检验雾化布液均匀性、矿石浸出情况.浸出结果:采用雾化布液的液计浸出率70.67%,试验数据表明雾化布液均匀性好,某铀矿石浸出性能较好.推荐了雾化布液堆浸该矿石的工艺参数.     

Simulation of solute transportation within porous particles during the bioleaching process

A mathematical model, accounting for the sulfuric acid and ferric ions diffusion and the copper sulfide mineral leaching process, was developed for an ore particle by considering its porous structure. It was simulated with the simulation tool COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results show that the highest acid and ferric concentrations near the particle surface are apparent, while the concentrations in the central particle increase slightly as the less-porous ore core with low permeability prevents the oxidation from penetrating. The extraction of the mineral near the particle surface is the maximum, mainly because of ample sulfuric acid, ferric ions, bacteria, and oxygen available for the leaching process. Because of low oxidation concentration in the central part of the particle, the reaction rate and copper sulphide conversion are small. The simulation shows good agreement with the experimental results.     

次生硫化铜矿微生物浸出实验

微生物浸矿是提取低品位,难选次生硫化铜矿中有价元素的最有效方法之一.本研究利用嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidthiobacillus ferrooxidans)浸取福建某难选次生硫化铜矿,依次开展浸矿菌富集培养实验、驯化转代实验和不同粒径配比下柱浸试验,获得了不同阶段的细菌浓度、pH值、铜浸出率等演变规律;并结合电子计算机断层扫描技术实现了柱内矿堆塌落、截面孔隙演化和浸矿机理研究.研究表明:细菌浓度和pH值均呈现缓慢增加后趋降低的趋势,浸柱中细菌增殖较慢,浸矿480 h后,细菌浓度仅为每毫升5×107个.浸矿过程中,细颗粒趋于向柱底迁移,矿堆出现塌落;柱顶孔隙率变大,增幅为6.65%,柱底孔隙率变小,降幅为8.29%;塌落程度与细粒含量成正比,最小塌落为1.7 mm,最大塌落为6.15 mm.入堆矿石粒径极大影响着柱浸体系的浸出效果.实验中柱浸B组(粒径r<1 mm占28.41%)浸矿效果最佳,浸矿480 h后铜浸出率达47.23%.     

酸碱淋溶对尾矿砂含水率和重金属含量的影响

为研究酸碱溶液对尾矿砂含水率和重金属含量的影响,采用室内土柱动态淋溶的方法,对采自阜新同乃矿尾矿坝的尾矿进行实验,测得不同pH溶液动态淋溶后的尾矿砂含水率,并应用火焰原子吸收光谱法,测出尾矿砂中6种重金属元素在淋溶后的含量,结果表明:①经酸碱溶液淋溶后尾矿砂土体的含水率出现增加的现象;②淋溶液pH从4增加到7时,Cu和Cr的含量逐渐减少,淋溶液pH从7增加到10时,Cu和Cr的含量逐渐增加;相反Mn和Ni的含量先随pH的增加而增加,在pH大于8和8.5左右开始降低;Fe含量出现略微减少的趋势;Cd含量在淋溶液pH 4～6.5范围内逐渐增加,而后含量降低。文中淋溶液选择的是酸碱溶液而不是纯净水,所以用此结果描述尾矿库的环境和安全情况更具有实际意义。     

含砷低品位硫化铜矿生物堆浸工业试验

福建紫金山含砷低品位硫化铜矿年产300tCu和1000tCu生物堆浸工业试验结果表明:铜浸出率随着矿石粒度的减小而提高,矿石粒度为-30mm,浸出周期为270d,铜的浸出率达到80.58%;铜萃取率和电积电流效率随着浸出液pH值的降低和电积液中铁的质量浓度的增加而降低,当浸出液pH值下降到1.19时,铜萃取率下降到了50%;通过增加堆高、定期中和萃余液、增加负载有机相洗涤和活性炭+沙滤+气浮塔脱除电积原液中有机物等工艺改进后,降低了萃取剂、煤油和电能的消耗量,提高了铜的浸出速率,浸出周期为200d,铜浸出率为81.31%,铜萃取--电积的耗电量为2679.98kW.h.t-1,高纯阴极铜生产成本1.05万元.t-1.     

浸矿剂浓度对稀土浸取效果的影响

混合岩离子型稀土矿床在赣南分布广泛,其结构构造及稀土配分与花岗岩存在差异性。就浸取效果对赣南某混合岩型离子型稀土矿的浸取浓度做了柱浸试验,并且对不同浓度浸矿剂所需的浸矿时间及所浸出的母液浓度等浸取效果进行对比分析,以期给该矿山的稀土回收提供技术参考。     

堆浸工艺中浸润面的形成机理与形态研究

通过分析堆浸工艺中浸润面的形成机理与研究意义,发展了倾斜堆浸场渗流理论,并建立了描述矿堆底板具有一定坡度时浸润面形态的模型方程.同时将模型方程进行有限差分离散,利用解非线性方程组的牛顿迭代法求得了模型的数值解.利用MATLAB软件和SPSS统计分析软件,通过对数值结果的拟合与回归分析,得到描述浸润面趋势的三维曲面图,以及与趋势面基本吻合的二次多项式回归方程.结果表明:浸润面为一椭圆抛物面,所得结论与实验结果相符.图2,参9.     

砂柱微生物注浆的水力渗透性质试验研究

为了有效实现防渗堵漏,对砂柱微生物注浆的水力渗透性质进行试验研究。砂柱微生物注浆采用巴氏芽孢杆菌菌种,向试验装置中注入胶结液与菌液,静置完成微生物注浆。对实际工程问题物理模型进行简化处理,构造满足工程特性的数学模型,对模型赋予参数、初始条件及边界条件,为砂柱微生物注浆水利渗透性质试验提供依据。构造均质高孔隙率砂岩非稳定达西渗流数学模型,计算可体现砂柱微生物注浆水力渗透性质的孔隙率与渗透率。将已有实验结果和数值模拟结果进行比较,对数值模型合理性进行验证。通过观察孔隙率与渗透率对砂柱微生物注浆的水利渗透性质进行试验分析。结果发现,砂柱微生物注浆可降低砂柱孔隙率与渗透率,提高砂土水力渗透性质。     

含碳酸盐脉石氧化铜矿的酸浸动力学

针对碳酸盐脉石对氧化铜矿酸浸动力学的影响进行探讨,研究了温度、酸度、矿石粒径、液固质量比、振荡速度等因素对含碳酸盐脉石氧化铜矿浸出的影响.结果表明,高温、高酸度、高液固质量比、小粒径和高振荡速度利于矿石的浸出,但碳酸盐脉石使得酸耗增加.考虑浸出成本确定合理的浸出条件为温度303 K、酸度35 g·L-1、矿石粒径0.074~0.125 mm、液固质量比3﹕1以及振荡速度180 r·min-1,浸出180 min后铜浸出率达53.6%.对浸出前后矿石表面形貌进行分析.结果显示碳酸盐脉石与酸反应后在矿石表面形成CaSO4·2H2 O沉淀,覆盖在颗粒表面,限制了矿石颗粒孔裂隙的发育.基于收缩未反应核模型对浸出动力学进行分析,发现碳酸盐脉石反应生成的沉淀阻碍了浸出反应,固体产物层扩散为浸出反应的控制步骤,反应的表观活化能为8.65 kJ·mol-1.     

无机溶液渗流过程中化学作用对粉砂渗透性的影响研究

以生活源污染质中的主要无机成分在粉砂层渗流过程中土体渗透性变化规律为研究内容。在确定Na Cl、Mg Cl2、Ca Cl2、Na2CO3、Ca CO3为生活源污染质主要无机成分的基础上,通过室内模拟试验装置测试和土体成分测定,得到渗流条件下5种无机盐化学作用下粉砂的渗透系数。结果表明:粉砂的渗透系数随渗流无机盐浓度的升高而降低,碳酸盐类较其他无机盐类对粉砂渗透性的影响更为显著,无机盐渗流和化学作用下粉砂渗透系数在深度上的变化情况表现为深度越大、粉砂的渗透系数越低。且经过不同盐溶液渗流土体后,土体成分发生了不同的改变。