Damage mechanism at different transpassive potentials of solution-annealed316 and 3161 stainless steels

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),anodic polarization and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate the damage mechanism in the transpassive potential region of AISI 316 and AISI 316 L solution-annealed stainless steels(SS)with different degrees of sensitization.Depending on the DC potential applied during EIS tests,the AC responses in the transpassive region included three different regions:the first one associated with anodic dissolution of the passive layer,the second one contributed to the dissolution at the area near grain boundaries,and the last one attributed to pitting corrosion.In addition,the fitting results to experimental data showed that as the DC bias during the EIS test increases the charge transfer resistance(R_(ct)) decreases.Moreover,the R_(ct) values decreased as the sensitization temperature increases but the AISI 316 L SS samples exhibited a higher resistance to intergranular corrosion than 316 SS samples.     

Damage mechanism at different transpassive potentials of solution-annealed 316 and 316l stainless steels

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), anodic polarization and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate the damage mechanism in the transpassive potential region of AISI 316 and AISI 316L solution-annealed stainless steels (SS) with different degrees of sensitization. Depending on the DC potential applied during EIS tests, the AC responses in the transpassive region included three different regions:the first one associated with anodic dissolution of the passive layer, the second one contributed to the dissolution at the area near grain boundaries, and the last one attributed to pitting corrosion. In addition, the fitting results to experimental data showed that as the DC bias during the EIS test increases the charge transfer resistance (R_ct) decreases. Moreover, the R_ct values decreased as the sensitization temperature increases but the AISI 316L SS samples exhibited a higher resistance to intergranular corrosion than 316 SS samples.     

Graphite-polypyrrole coated 316L stainless steel as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

316L stainless steel (SS 316L) is quite attractive as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). In this study, graphite-polypyrrole was coated on SS 316L by the method of cyclic voltammetry. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the graphite-polypyrrole composite coating were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A simulated working environment of PEMFC was applied for testing the corrosion properties of graphite-polypyrrole coated SS 316L. The current densities in the simulated PEMFC anode and cathode conditions are around 3×10-9 and 9×10-5 A·cm-2, respectively. In addition, the interfacial contact resistance (ICR) was also investigated. The ICR value of graphite-polypyrrole coated SS 316L is much lower than that of bare SS 316L. Therefore, graphite-polypyrrole coated SS 316L indicates a great potential for the application in PEMFC.     

A stereotaxic method and apparatus for the Gekko gecko

To study the modulation mechanism of the middle brain of the Gekko to the locomotion, we introduced a stereotaxic method first in literature and developed an apparatus suitable for Gekko gecko, the big-gest wall and ceiling climber in nature. We defined the bregma and nasal points as reference points, selected the bilateral infraorbital margin and top point of the maxillary tooth for locating and fixing, and set up the line passing through the bregma and paralleling to a line connecting the bilateral infraorbital margin as x axis. Then, we defined a horizontal plane in the stereotaxic instrument, passing through x axis and the certain point which is 4.8 mm exactly above the nasal point, as the XOY plane; the sagittal plane, i.e. the YOZ plane, is the plane which is perpendicular to x axis and passes through the bregma; the plane, i.e. the XOZ plane, which passes through x axis and is perpendicular to the horizontal plane is the coronal plane. We designed a set of head holder which includes three parts: bilateral infraorbital margin clamps, a gecko adaptor holding the rostral side of the upper jaw. The allocation and operation of the head holder is accurate and simple, and the device is low in cost and compatible with standard stereotaxic instrument.     

304和316L不锈钢的高温电化学腐蚀行为

通过模拟压水堆一回路水环境,研究了溶液温度和溶氧量(DO)对304和316L不锈钢高温电化学腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明:随着溶液温度升高,在304和316L不锈钢表面所形成的氧化膜的保护性能降低;随着DO升高,304和316L不锈钢的自腐蚀电位升高,自腐蚀电流密度降低,钝化区缩小;304和316L不锈钢表面形成了双层氧化膜,外层氧化膜颗粒尺寸和颗粒间隙随着温度的升高而增大,随着DO增加而减小;在所用实验条件下,316L不锈钢表现出比304更优异的抗腐蚀性能.     

Conductive and corrosion behaviors of silver-doped carbon-coated stainless steel as PEMFC bipolar plates

Ni–Cr enrichment on stainless steel SS316L resulting from chemical activation enabled the deposition of carbon by spraying a stable suspension of carbon nanoparticles; trace Ag was deposited in situ to prepare a thin continuous Ag-doped carbon film on a porous carbon-coated SS316L substrate. The corrosion resistance of this film in 0.5 mol·L-1 H₂SO₄ solution containing 5 ppm F- at 80℃ was investigated using polarization tests. The results showed that the surface treatment of the SS316L strongly affected the adhesion of the carbon coating to the stainless steel. Compared to the bare SS316L, the Ag-doped carbon-coated SS316L bipolar plate was remarkably more stable in both the anode and cathode environments of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and the interface contact resistance between the specimen and Toray 060 carbon paper was reduced from 333.0 mΩ·cm2 to 21.6 mΩ·cm2 at a compaction pressure of 1.2 MPa.     

Corrosion resistance of steel materials in LiCl-KCl melts

The corrosion behaviors of 304SS, 316LSS, and Q235A in LiCl-KCl melts were investigated at 450℃ by Tafel curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). 316LSS shows the best corrosion resistance behaviors among the three materials, including the most positive corrosion potential and the smallest corrosion current from the Tafel curves and the largest electron transfer resistance from the Nyquist plots. The results are in good agreement with the weight losses in the static corrosion experiments for 45 h. This may be attributed to the better corrosion resistance of Mo and Ni existing as alloy elements in 316LSS, which exhibit the lower corrosion current densities and more positive corrosion potentials than 316LSS in the same melts.     

Effect of weld line positions on the tensile deformation of two-component metal injection moulding

Knowledge of the mechanical properties of two-component parts is critical for engineering functionally graded components. In this study, mono-and two-component tensile test specimens were metal injection moulded. Three different weld line positions were generated in the two-component specimens. Linear shrinkage of the two-component specimens was greater than that of the mono-component specimens because the incompatibility of sintering shrinkage of both materials causes biaxial stresses and enhances sintering. The mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel were affected by the addition of a coloured pigment used to identify the weld line position after injection moulding. For the two-component specimens, the yield stress and ultimate tensile stress were similar to those of 316L stainless steel. Because 316L and 630 (also known as 17-4PH) stainless steels were well-sintered at the interface, the mechanical properties of the weaker material (316L stainless steel) were dominant. However, the elongations of the two-component specimens were lower than those of the mono-component specimens. An interfacial zone with a microstructure that differed from those of the mono-material specimens was observed; its different microstructure was attributed to the gradual diffusion of nickel and copper.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by laser melting deposition

The mechanical properties and microstructure of the 3D-printed high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel fabricated by the laser melting deposition technique was investigated using a material testing machine and electron microscopy. A microstructure investigation revealed that the samples consist of martensite laths, fine dispersed precipitates, and reverted austenite films at the martensite lath boundaries. The precipitates are enriched with Co and Mo. Because the sample tempered at 486℃ has smaller precipitates and a higher number of precipitates per unit area, it exhibits better mechanical properties than the sample tempered at 498℃. Although the 3D-printed samples have the same phase constituents as AerMet 100 steel, the mechanical properties are slightly worse than those of the commercial wrought AerMet 100 steel because of the presence of voids.     

光束通过棱镜的变换矩阵

利用光束斜入射到界面的变换矩阵，推导光束通过棱镜时在子午面和弧矢面的变换矩阵，并得出光束通过棱镜时所产生的像散与光束入射的位置、入射角及棱镜顶角相关的结论。     

钝化预处理对316L不锈钢在漂液中电化学腐蚀性能的影响

采用电化学测试、SEM分析等方法,研究了316 L不锈钢在质量分数为30%的浓硝酸溶液及98%硫酸+20 g/L硝酸钾混合液两种钝化剂预处理后的特性,以及在ClO2漂液中的电化学抗腐蚀性能。结果表明,316 L不锈钢在25℃、30%硝酸介质中处理30 min时抗点蚀能力ΔE可达到773 mV,钝化效果较好。EIS图谱表明:316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中具有双容抗弧特征,钝化处理容抗弧半径较未钝化的增大,处理后的316 L不锈钢在60℃出现了Warburg阻抗;钝化膜的外层电阻和内层电阻均比未钝化的大。经钝化处理后的316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中的受腐蚀速率较未钝化的降低近一半,与钛材相比耐蚀性较差,但能在一定条件下起到减缓腐蚀的作用。     

Properties of passive film formed on 316L/2205 stainless steel by Mott-Schottky theory and constant current polarization method

Semiconductor properties of the passive films formed on 316L and 2205 stainless steel were studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) in the high-temperature acetic acid.The results showed that the corrosion resistance of 2205 was higher than that of 316L,and the passive films formed on 316L and 2205 stainless steel showed p-type and n-type semiconductor behavior,respectively.Destruction and self-repairing of passive films were studied by using the constant current polarization method.The result...     

Al-Cu-Li合金轧制厚板的 疲劳性能及断裂机理研究

利用疲劳试验机、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等设备研究了95 mm厚的Al-Cu-Li合金热轧板材不同方向的组织特征、疲劳性能和断裂机理.结果表明:Al-Cu-Li合金热轧厚板的力学性能和疲劳性能均存在各向异性.LT向(横向)的力学性能和疲劳性能均优于L向(纵向)和ST向(高向),L向(纵向)的力学性能较ST向更好,但疲劳性能较ST向更差.Al-Cu-Li合金厚板的疲劳裂纹源主要出现在试样表面、近表面的夹杂物和晶界处.裂纹扩展过程中,LT向裂纹扩展路径较L向更曲折,ST向具有典型的解理特征,瞬断区形貌与静态拉伸断口相似.晶界越多,裂纹扩展阻力越大,LT向和ST向的未溶第二相能够有效阻碍裂纹扩展,导致其疲劳性能优于L向.     

Corrosion resistance and thermal stability of sputtered Fe44Al34Ti7N15 and Al61Ti11N28 thin films for prospective application in oil and gas industry

Fe-and Al-based thin-film metallic glass coatings (Fe₄₄Al₃₄Ti₇N₁₅ and Al₆₁Ti₁₁N₂₈) were fabricated using magnetron co-sputtering technique, and their corrosion performances compared against wrought 316L stainless steel. The results of GI-XRD and XPS analyses demonstrated amorphous structure and oxide layer formation on the surface of the fabricated thin films, respectively. The potentiodynamic (PD) polarization test in chloride-thiosulfate (NH₄Cl ​+ ​Na₂S₂O₃) solution revealed lower corrosion current (I_corr) (0.42 ​± ​0.02 ​μA/cm² and 0.086 ​± ​0.001 ​μA/cm² Vs. 0.76 ​± ​0.05 ​μA/cm²), lower passivation current (I_pass) (1.45 ​± ​0.03 ​μA/cm² and 1.83 ​± ​0.07 ​μA/cm² Vs. 1.98 ​± ​0.04 ​μA/cm²), and approximately six-fold higher breakdown potential (E_bd) for Fe- and Al-based coatings than those of wrought 316L stainless steel. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) of both films showed 4- and 2-fold higher charge transfer resistance (R_ct), 7- and 2.5-times higher film resistance (R_f), lower film capacitance values (Q_f) (10 ​± ​2.4 ​μS-s^acm^-2, and 5.41 ​± ​0.8 ​μS-s^acm^-2 Vs. 18 ​± ​2.21 ​μS-s^acm^-2), and lower double-layer capacitance values (Q_dl) (31.33 ​± ​4.74 ​μS-s^acm^-2, and 15.3 ​± ​0.48 ​μS-s^acm^-2 Vs. 43 ​± ​4.23 ​μS-s^acm^-2), indicating higher corrosion resistance of the thin films. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) scan exhibited that the passive films formed on the Fe- and Al-based coatings were more stable and less prone to pitting corrosion than the wrought 316L stainless steel. The surface morphology of both films via SEM endorsed the CV scan results, showing better resistance to pitting corrosion. Furthermore, the thermal analysis via TGA and DSC revealed the excellent thermal stability of the thin films over a wide temperature range typically observed in oil-gas industries.     

基于DCT的战机3D模型多重水印算法

为有效保证战斗武器装备3D（Three Dimensions）模型的独创性与安全性, 以战机3D模型为例, 利用数字水印技术, 将自身版权信息嵌入其中, 并提出了一种基于DCT（Discrete Cosine Transform）变换的3D网格模型多重水印算法。该算法将3D模型进行仿射变换, 以模型重心为三维笛卡尔坐标系原点, 分别抽取3D模型经主元分析后的顶点在XOY、XOZ、YOZ 3个2D（Two Dimensions）平面上的投影坐标数组。针对3组2D离散信号分别进行2D DCT变换, 并将2D数字图像水印分别嵌入到3组
变换后的中频系数中。多重水印的嵌入, 使其在仿射不变空间下, 实现了3D模型对简化、噪声、 剪切等攻击的鲁棒性。实验结果表明, 该方法不仅具有较强的鲁棒性, 而且具有良好的水印不可见性, 进而有效防止了战斗武器装备模型的非法二次开发或应用。     

萍蓬草光合膜光化学活性及多肽组分分析

研究了睡莲科植物萍蓬草（Ｎｕｐｈａｒ ＰｕｍｉｌｕｍＤＣ）类囊体ＰＳＩ、ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性、吸收光谱等光化学活性及类囊体膜的多肽组分,并与睡莲科植物睡莲（Ｎｙｍｐｈａｅａ ａｌｂａＬ）及陆生植物青菜（Ｂ．ｃｈｉｎｅｓｉｓＬ．）进行比较,结果显示：相同条件下薄蓬草类囊体膜ＰＳＩ、ＰＳⅡ电子传递活笥较睡莲高,较青菜低;室温吸收光谱与采相似,在蓝紫光区域（４３０ｎｍ）和红光区域（６８０ｎｍ）的吸收峰都较     

新的非比例加载低周疲劳寿命估算方法

利用对 316L不锈钢多轴非比例加载低周疲劳的试验结果 ,对现有的多轴低周疲劳寿命估算方法进行了讨论 ,基于 316L不锈钢非比例加载低周疲劳的微观机理 ,选择最大剪应变以及应变路径的非比例度作为损伤参量 ,建立了基于临界面方法的新的非比例加载低周疲劳寿命估算公式 ,利用新的非比例加载低周疲劳寿命估算公式对寿命的预测结果表明 :新的寿命估算公式对剪切型破坏的 316L与 316LN不锈钢及拉伸型破坏的 30 4不锈钢非比例加载低周疲劳寿命预言能力比现有的临界面方法精确 .     

液固流动相中不锈钢耐颗粒冲刷腐蚀性能研究

采用自制的旋转冲刷腐蚀失重装置，研究了湿法磷酸中固体颗粒的性质，如固含量，粒径等环境参数对不锈钢316L和904L冲刷腐蚀速率的影响，并在扫描电镜下观察了不锈钢腐蚀的形貌，试验结果表明，CaSO4结晶颗粒固含量质量分数由10％增加到50％时，冲刷腐蚀速率有所增大，316L不锈钢主要以腐蚀为主，且表现为晶间腐蚀，当浆体中含有SiO2固体颗粒时，液相腐蚀性得到降低，虽然不锈钢904L耐液相腐蚀性能优良，但耐冲刷（磨损）性能较差，尤其当SiO2粒径增大时，冲刷腐蚀速率明显增大。     

不锈钢纤维增强铁基复合材料的制备与性能研究

利用粉末冶金工艺制备了316L纤维增强铁基的复合材料,研究了纤维含量对复合材料的显微组织、密度、力学性能及磨损性能的影响。结果表明：经光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜分析,316L纤维在铁基体中分布均匀,制备过程中没有被损伤,粉末冶金法制备的不锈钢纤维能增强纯铁复合材料的抗拉强度,硬度和耐磨性能较高,密度为7．015～7．217g／cm^3,硬度HRB为72～75,复合材料的抗拉强度可达228．63MPa,高于纯铁粉的抗拉强度。     

Investigation of the deterioration of passive films in H2S-containing solutions

The effect of H2S on the corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel was investigated using electrochemical methods by changing the gas condition from CO2 to H2S and then back to CO2. The presence of H2S showed an acceleration effect on the corrosion of 316L stain-less steel in comparison with CO2. The acceleration effect remained even after the complete removal of H2S by CO2, indicating that the pas-sive film was irreversibly damaged. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that the passive film was composed of Cr2O3, Fe2O3, and FeS2 after being immersed in H2S-containing solutions. The semiconducting property of the passive film was then investigated by using the Mott–Schottky approach. The presence of sulfides resulted in higher acceptor and donor densities and thus was responsible for the deterioration of passive films.