Passivity breakdown of 13Cr stainless steel under high chloride and CO2 environment

Herein, the effect of high chloride ion (Cl-) concentration on the corrosion behavior and passive film breakdown of 13Cr martensitic stainless steel under CO₂ environment was demonstrated. The Cl- concentration was varied from 30 to 150 g/L and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization was conducted to investigate the influence of the Cl- concentration on the corrosion potential (E_corr), passive breakdown potential (E_pit), and repassivation potential (E_rep). The results of the polarization curves revealed that 13Cr stainless steel is susceptible to pitting under high Cl- concentration. The passive breakdown potential and repassivation potential decreased with the increase of Cl- concentration. The semiconducting behavior of the passive film was investigated by Mott-Schottky analysis and the point defect model (PDM). It was observed that the iron cation vacancies and oxygen vacancies were continuously generated by autocatalytic reactions and the higher Cl- concentration resulted in higher vacancies in the passive film. Once the excess vacancies condensed at the metal/film interface, the passive film became locally detached from the metal, which led to the breakdown of the passive film.     

超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在CO_2 及H_2 S/CO_2 环境中的腐蚀行为

在模拟油田腐蚀环境中,通过高温、高压、CO2和H2S/CO2腐蚀实验及电化学测试,研究超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明:在CO2腐蚀环境中,随着温度的升高,超级13Cr的均匀腐蚀速率呈稍微上升的趋势,点蚀轻微;在H2S、CO2共存条件下,超级13Cr的均匀腐蚀速率变化不大,点蚀严重,当Cl-的质量浓度为160g.L-1时,其最大点蚀深度可达28μm.超级13Cr的点蚀电位明显高于普通13Cr的点蚀电位,温度升高、Cl-的质量浓度增大和H2S气体的存在降低了超级13Cr的点蚀电位,而CO2对超级13Cr的点蚀电位影响不大;在N2、CO2环境中,超级13Cr的回复电位都在钝化区间,且回复电位较高,具有良好的再钝化能力.H2S气体的存在同样使超级13Cr的回复电位和点蚀电位显著降低.     

Flow-accelerated corrosion behavior of 13Cr stainless steel in a wet gas environment containing CO_2

This work investigated the flow-accelerated corrosion(FAC) behavior of 13 Cr in a wet CO_2-containing environment at different flowing gas velocities and impinging angles, with the natural-gas pipeline environment simulated by a self-assembled impingement jet system. Surface morphology determination, electrochemical measurements, and hydromechanics numerical analysis were carried out to study the FAC behavior. The results demonstrate that pitting corrosion was the primary mode of corrosion in 13 Cr stainless steel. High-flow-rate gas destroyed the passive film and decreased the pitting potential, resulting in more serious corrosion. The corrosion degree with various impact angles showed the following order: 90° 60° 45°. The shear force and the electrolyte from the flowing gas were concluded to be the determinant factors of FAC, whereas the shear force was the main factor responsible for destroying the passive film.     

温度对13Cr不锈钢在高 CO2 分压环境中腐蚀行为的影响

通过高温高压电化学测试,获得不同实验温度下13Cr不锈钢的循环伏安曲线、交流阻抗谱和Mott-Schottky曲线,结合ZSIMPWIN软件和扫描电子显微镜分析,研究高温高CO2 分压环境下,温度对13Cr不锈钢腐蚀电化学行为的影响. 在高温高CO2 分压环境下,随温度升高,13Cr不锈钢发生腐蚀的倾向增加,表面钝化膜稳定性下降,点蚀敏感度增加.     

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M23 C6型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M7 C3型和M23 C6型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M7 C3型为主,少量M23 C6以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.     

稀土对2Cr13不锈钢夹杂物的变质及对冲击韧性的影响

采用金相、扫描电镜和能谱等分析手段研究了稀土元素铈对2Cr13不锈钢中夹杂物的变质作用以及对冲击性能的影响.结果表明:稀土元素改善了2Cr13不锈钢夹杂物的形貌和大小,未加稀土的钢的断口是典型的解理断裂,加稀土后钢的断口是准解理+韧窝型,韧窝中出现的细小球状稀土硫氧化物夹杂是其转变的主要原因;加微量稀土元素铈的试样低温横向冲击性能比未加稀土的试样大幅度提高,-40℃时提高了54.55%.     

Galvanic effects on cavitation damage for 1Cr13 stainless steel

Based on the electric-spark principle, a new kind of cavitation damage testing apparatus was designed, which could produce the bubble. Bubbles collapsed and acted on a small surface area of the alloy surface, so an intensive electrochemical inhomogenous state would be induced and lead to the existence of surface galvanic effect on the alloy. The galvanic effect of 1Crl3 SS during cavitation damage has been quantitatively investigated in NaCl solution. The results show that intensive galvanic effect of 1Crl3 SS during cavitation damage appears the potential of the damaged area shifting negatively with the bubble collapse and simultaneously the galvanic current generates, The mass loss of alloy due to cavitation increases with the bubble quantity, and increases with the increasing of Cl- content. And both the total mass loss and the mass loss due to galvanic corrosion increase linearly with the area ratio of cavitation damaged to undamaged area. Such surface galvanic effects speed up the dissolution rate of the alloy, which, in turn, accelerates the mechanical damage, and aggravates the mass loss of the alloy. It has been further confirmed that the mass loss due to the surface galvanic effect can be decreased by catholic protection.     

Flow-accelerated corrosion behavior of 13Cr stainless steel in a wet gas environment containing CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

This work investigated the flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) behavior of 13Cr in a wet CO₂-containing environment at different flowing gas velocities and impinging angles, with the natural-gas pipeline environment simulated by a self-assembled impingement jet system. Surface morphology determination, electrochemical measurements, and hydromechanics numerical analysis were carried out to study the FAC behavior. The results demonstrate that pitting corrosion was the primary mode of corrosion in 13Cr stainless steel. High-flow-rate gas destroyed the passive film and decreased the pitting potential, resulting in more serious corrosion. The corrosion degree with various impact angles showed the following order: 90° > 60° > 45°. The shear force and the electrolyte from the flowing gas were concluded to be the determinant factors of FAC, whereas the shear force was the main factor responsible for destroying the passive film.     

Structural refinement of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel during single-stage intercritical tempering

The 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel was first tempered at 570–730℃ for 2 h to observe the microstructure and hardness changes. The tempering temperature was set to 600, 650, and 700℃, which is below, equal to, and above the austenite transformation start temperature, respectively, for each holding period to investigate the effects of tempering time on the structure and properties of the steel. The microstructure of the specimens was examined by optical microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy, and the phase composition was detected by X-ray diffraction. As expected, lath refinement was observed in the steel tempered at 700℃, and the refinement degree significantly depended on the tempering time. Contrary to normal steel softening by tempering, the hardness performance of the steel was significantly enhanced primarily because of the refinement of martensite laths after single-stage intercritical tempering. It is believed that the reverse transformation of martensite (α′) to austenite (γ) is responsible for the refinement.     

4Cr13、7Cr17Mo马氏体不锈钢组织和性能比较

文章采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、洛氏硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机分析了4Cr13、7Cr17Mo马氏体不锈钢刀剪材料在980～1 110℃不同淬火温度下的组织、硬度和摩擦磨损性能。实验结果表明,4Cr13、7Cr17Mo的淬火组织均为马氏体、未溶碳化物和残留奥氏体,随着淬火温度升高,组织中碳化物含量均减少。相同淬火温度下,7Cr17Mo组织中未溶碳化物含量较多,硬度较高,具有更好的耐磨性。     

超级13Cr不锈钢的钝化膜耐蚀性与半导体特性

利用极化曲线和Mott-Schottky曲线,研究了超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在100、130、150和170℃且含CO2和Cl-的腐蚀介质中浸泡7 d所形成的钝化膜的电化学行为和半导体性质.同时应用光电子能谱表面分析技术分析了超级13Cr钝化膜中的元素价态.结果表明,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢经腐蚀过后形成的钝化膜表层中Mo和Ni以各自硫化物的形式富集,而Cr以Cr的氧化物的形式富集.在100℃和130℃形成的钝化膜具有良好的耐蚀性,而在150℃和170℃形成的钝化膜耐蚀性下降.产生这种现象的原因与表面钝化膜的半导体性能密切相关,在100℃和130℃中形成的钝化膜具有双极性n-p型半导体特征,且随着温度升高掺杂数量增多,而150℃和170℃介质中形成的钝化膜为p型半导体,故随着温度升高,超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀性能下降.     

热处理对奥氏体不锈钢00 Cr24 Ni13铸坯高温热塑性的影响

采用热处理实验方法,同时结合热模拟压缩和热模拟拉伸试验,研究了热处理对奥氏体不锈钢00Cr24Ni13铸坯高温热塑性的影响。实验结果表明：热处理能够明显改变实验钢铸坯中δ铁素体的形貌;经1200℃保温3 h空冷后,原始铸坯中存在的大面积连续网状δ铁素体完全转变为弥散分布的细小颗粒状组织。具有颗粒状δ铁素体的热处理试样与热处理前相比,不同温度压缩时的变形抗力略有增加,但并没有急剧恶化;热模拟抗拉强度基本保持不变;相同温度下的断面收缩率( Z)显著提高,其中Z≥60%的温度区间由1150~1280℃扩展为1050~1300℃,高塑性(Z≥80%)温度范围在150℃左右(1150~1300℃)。     

Effect of electroslag remelting on carbides in 8Cr13MoV martensitic stainless steel

The effect of electroslag remelting (ESR) on carbides in 8Cr13MoV martensitic stainless steel was experimentally studied. Phases precipitated from liquid steel during solidification were calculated using the Thermo-Calc software. The carbon segregation was analyzed by original position analysis (OPA), and the carbides were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy- dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that more uniform carbon distribution and less segregation were obtained in the case of samples subjected to the ESR process. After ESR, the amount of netty carbides decreased significantly, and the chromium and vanadium contents in the grain-boundary carbides was reduced. The total area and average size of carbides were obviously smaller after the ESR process. In the sample subjected to ESR, the morphology of carbides changed from lamellar and angular to globular or lump, whereas the types of carbides did not change; both M₂₃C₆ and M₇C₃ were present before and after the ESR process.     

3Cr低合金管线钢及焊接接头的CO_2腐蚀行为

采用高温、高压反应釜和电化学技术对3Cr低合金管线钢及焊接接头的CO2腐蚀行为进行研究.结果表明,3Cr低合金管线钢在高温、高压CO2腐蚀环境中表面生成致密的富Cr腐蚀产物膜,这是其抗CO2腐蚀性能优于X65钢的主要原因.3Cr低合金管线钢焊接接头中母材、热影响区和焊缝的腐蚀产物膜特征相似,结构致密,均存在Cr元素的富集.与X65钢相比,3Cr低合金管线钢的自腐蚀电位较正,自腐蚀电流密度较低.在CO2腐蚀介质中,3Cr低合金管线钢焊接接头的母材区域作为阳极首先发生腐蚀,焊缝和热影响区作为阴极受到保护.     

无镍不锈钢17Cr10Mn2MoN的制备与性能

采用气雾化法制备含氮无镍不锈钢粉末，利用热等静压成形并对材料进行固溶处理．热等静压后，材料具有良好的强度、塑性及韧性，抗拉强度为850MPa，屈服强度为505MPa，延伸率为44．5％，断面收缩率为47．5％，冲击功为44J．材料经1100℃固溶处理1h后，塑性和韧性得到进一步提高，延伸率为50．0％，断面收缩率为55．5％，冲击为68J．材料强度和耐蚀性优于316L不锈钢．     

316L不锈钢的高压增氮与脱氧研究

采用真空/高压感应炉在0.1～1.0 MPa高纯氮气氛下熔炼316L不锈钢,分析了氮的溶解度与氮分压之间的关系.氮在316L不锈钢中的溶解服从Sievert定律.采用热力学数据预测了不同氮分压下316L不锈钢中氮的溶解度,计算结果表明,预测值与实验值相吻合.采用铝、硅钙以及二者混合进行脱氧,总氧含量可以达到 20×10-4%以下,提出了制备低氧高氮316L不锈钢的实验条件.     

9Cr18不锈钢热变形行为研究

采用Gleeble-1500型热模拟试验机对9Cr18马氏体不锈钢在850～1 150℃、应变速率为0.01～10s-1变形条件下的热压缩变形行为进行研究。根据真应力-应变曲线,分析变形温度和应变速率对9Cr18不锈钢变形抗力的影响,计算其形变激活能,并建立9Cr18不锈钢的变形抗力模型和热变形流变应力方程。结果表明,应变速率一定时,9Cr18动态再结晶临界变形量εc随温度的升高而降低,高的形变温度和低的应变速率有利于动态再结晶的发生;9Cr18不锈钢形变激活能为461.7kJ/mol;所建变形抗力模型的拟合性良好,数据稳定性好。     

含氮奥氏体钢时效析出Cr2N的数值模拟

研究Fe-24Mn-18Cr-3Ni-0．6N高氮奥氏体钢在1023～1223K温度范围内时效过程中Cr2N的析出规律。根据析出相变热力学和动力学建立Cr2N析出的定量计算的数理模型。利用人工神经网络进行计算和验证,结果是满意的。该数学模型可用于高氮奥氏体钢时效Cr2N析出的计算设计和预测。     

氯盐环境下修正钢筋腐蚀速率的混凝土桥梁抗弯可靠性

在氯离子侵蚀环境下,钢筋混凝土桥梁受弯构件抗力的衰减,主要是由于钢筋腐蚀造成的,因而引起了结构在设计基准期内的可靠性下降.本文分析了影响钢筋锈蚀速率的因素,建立了修正的钢筋腐蚀速率模型,计算了不同水灰比、不同保护层厚度等对桥梁构件可靠性发展的影响.     

Preparation of high-performance ultrafine-grained AISI 304L stainless steel under high temperature and pressure

Bulk ultra-fine grained (UFG) AISI 304L stainless steel with excellent mechanical properties was prepared by a high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) method using nanocrystalline AISI 304L stainless steel powders obtained from ball milling. Samples were sintered in high-pressure conditions using the highest martensite content of AISI 304L stainless steel powders milled for 25 h. Analyses of phase composition and grain size were accomplished by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. By comparing the reverse martensite transformation under vacuum and HTHP treat, we consider that pressure can effectively promote the change in the process of transformation. Compared with the solid-solution-treated 304L, the hardness and yield strength of the samples sintered under HTHP are considerably higher. This method of preparation of UFG bulk stainless steel may be widely popularised and used to obtain UFG metallic materials with good comprehensive performance.