Effects of Si on the stability of retained austenite and temper embrittlement of ultrahigh strength steels

Effects of silicon (Si) content on the stability of retained austenite and temper embrittlement of ultrahigh strength steels were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and other experimental methods. The results show that Si can suppress temper embrittlement, improve temper resistance, and hinder the decomposition of retained austenite. Reversed austenite appears gradually with the increase of Si content during tempering. Si has a significant effect on enhancing carbon (C) partitioning and improving the stability of retained austenite. Si and C atoms are mutually exclusive in lath bainite, while they attract each other in austenite. ?-carbides are found in 1.8wt% Si steel tempered at 250℃, and they get coarsened obviously when tempered at 400℃, leading to temper embrittlement. Not ?-carbides but acicular or lath carbides lead to temper embrittlement in 0.4wt% Si steel, which can be inferred as cementites and composite compounds. Temper embrittlement is closely related to the decomposition of retained austenite and the formation of reversed austenite.     

Effect of lower bainite/martensite/retained austenite triplex microstructure on the mechanical properties of a low-carbon steel with quenching and partitioning process

We present a study concerning Fe–0.176C–1.31Si–1.58Mn–0.26Al–0.3Cr (wt%) steel subjected to a quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process. The results of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile tests demonstrate that the microstructures primarily consist of lath martensite, retained austenite, lower bainite (LB), and a small amount of tempered martensite; moreover, few twin austenite grains were observed. In the microstructure, three types of retained austenite with different sizes and morphologies were observed: blocky retained austenite (~300 nm in width), film-like retained austenite (80–120 nm in width), and ultra- fine film-like retained austenite (30–40 nm in width). Because of the effect of the retained austenite/martensite/LB triplex microstructure, the specimens prepared using different quenching temperatures exhibit high ultimate tensile strength and yield strength. Furthermore, the strength effect of LB can partially counteract the decreasing strength effect of martensite. The formation of LB substantially reduces the amount of retained austenite. Analyses of the retained austenite and the amount of blocky retained austenite indicated that the carbon content is critical to the total elongation of Q&P steel.     

稀土含量对TRIP/TWIP钢晶粒及晶界特征的影响

利用XRD和EBSD分析稀土含量对TRIP/TWIP高锰钢相组成、晶粒及晶界特征的影响。结果表明,试验钢变形前组织以γ奥氏体为主,还有部分ε马氏体,经过塑性变形后,组织中还观察到少量α马氏体;随着稀土含量的增加,奥氏体转变为马氏体的量有所增加,表明稀土元素促进了试验钢的TRIP效应。此外,稀土元素的添加细化了试验钢中奥氏体晶粒,减少了小角度晶界数量而增加了大角度晶界数量,尤其是取向差为60°左右的大角度晶界;同时,稀土元素的添加也促进了低Σ值重位点阵(CSL)晶界特别是Σ3晶界的形成。     

Study on the resistance spot welding technology of 22MnMoB hot stamping quenched steel

In this paper, the spot welding technology of a new kind of 22MnMoB hot stamping quenched steel sheet was systematically studied by power frequency spot welder. Through a series of technology and test experiments, we have obtained the optimal spot welding technological parameter condition. According to the results, the relations among spot welding technological parameter, welding nugget, mechanical property and fracture mode were discussed. The effects of all the welding parameters such as welding current, welding time and electrode force on the quality of joint can be boiled down to one thing--the diameter of welding nugget. The experimental results showed that welding nugget diameter determines the mechanical property of spot welding joint and the relation between welding nugget diameter and the mechanical property of joint presents a kind of linear mathematic representation. There are two typical fracture models of 22MnMoB hot stamping quenched steel sheet, i.e., interracial fracture and nugget pullout. Other than mild steel or normal high strength steel, in the shearing tensile test, hot stamping quenched steel has a great tendency to fail in interfacial mode due to the effects of high strength matrix structure, welding soft zone and the porosity level of fusion zone.     

Effect of welding thermal cycle parameters in the heat affected zone of steel EH40 for on the microstructure and properties high heat input welding

利用热模拟技术及光学显微镜、透射电镜研究了焊接热循环参数对大线能量焊接用船板钢热影响区组织和性能的影响.发现模拟焊接热影响区组织主要由粒状贝氏体、铁素体和珠光体组成,且随着峰值温度和冷却时间的变化,热影响区的组织发生较大的变化;热影响区的冲击韧性总体水平较高,均在200 J以上,冲击韧性并不随着峰值温度和冷却时间的增加而单调变化;热影响区M-A岛的数量、尺寸、分布和形态影响热影响区的韧性.     

焊接热循环参数对大线能量焊接用钢EH40热影响区组织和性能的影响

利用热模拟技术及光学显微镜、透射电镜研究了焊接热循环参数对大线能量焊接用船板钢热影响区组织和性能的影响.发现模拟焊接热影响区组织主要由粒状贝氏体、铁素体和珠光体组成,且随着峰值温度和冷却时间的变化,热影响区的组织发生较大的变化;热影响区的冲击韧性总体水平较高,均在200 J以上,冲击韧性并不随着峰值温度和冷却时间的增加而单调变化;热影响区M-A岛的数量、尺寸、分布和形态影响热影响区的韧性.     

低碳微合金钢中Ti_xO--MnS型复合夹杂对焊接热影响区微观组织相变的影响

对比分析了两种低碳微合金钢中夹杂物对焊接热影响区组织相变的影响.对实验钢中夹杂物的分布和尺寸进行观察并在透射电镜下分析了夹杂物的选区衍射斑图样.采用热膨胀法结合金相分析建立了实验钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线)和等温转变曲线(TTT曲线).研究发现,Ti脱氧钢中夹杂物以尺寸小于3μm的TixO--MnS型球状复合夹杂为主,其中TixO核心有两种类型(Ti2O3和Ti3O5).这类夹杂物具有诱导晶内针状铁素体形核的能力,针状铁素体优先在TixO--MnS型复合夹杂界面上形核,从而导致Ti脱氧钢相对于Al脱氧钢的贝氏体相变开始温度升高,相变时间也明显提前.     

铌微合金化对高Al冷轧TRIP钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用二段式盐浴热处理、金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和拉伸实验等方法,研究了添加0.025%微合金元素Nb对高Al(1.5%Al)冷轧相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP)组织与性能的影响规律. 结果表明:Nb微合金化使高Al冷轧TRIP钢在连续退火后组织得到细化,残余奥氏体含量及其碳含量比无Nb钢均有所升高. 含Nb钢在370 ℃和400 ℃等温后抗拉强度均大于650 MPa,且总伸长率达到35%,具有优异的综合力学性能. Nb微合金化,将本实验所研究的高Al冷轧TRIP钢的最优贝氏体区等温温度由400 ℃左右扩大到370～400 ℃,提高了生产的工艺稳定性.     

热镀锌工艺对无Si含P的TRIP钢力学性能影响

利用光学显微镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和拉伸试验等方法,分析测试了热镀锌工艺对无Si含P的TRIP钢力学性能和微观组织的影响.结果表明:实验用钢可获得780 MPa以上的抗拉强度和24%以上的断后延伸率.在热镀锌工艺中,两相区加热温度和贝氏体等温温度对钢的力学性能影响较小,而贝氏体等温时间的影响最为显著.当贝氏体等温时间由20 s增加到60 s时,实验用钢的屈服强度上升了65 MPa,抗拉强度下降了45 MPa,延伸率大幅度增加,从23.01%增加到27.56%,出现最佳的综合力学性能.无Si含P热镀锌TRIP钢的微观组织由铁素体、贝氏体、残余奥氏体和马氏体组成,随着贝氏体等温时间的减少,钢中残余奥氏体含量和稳定性降低,相应地,马氏体含量明显增加,实验用钢从典型的TRIP钢力学特征慢慢转变为与双相钢相似的力学特征.     

稀土处理钢中夹杂物对晶内针状铁素体形成的影响

分析了稀土处理钢中夹杂物的特征（夹杂物种类、尺寸分布和体积分数）对微观组织中针状铁素体形成的影响.结果表明,钢中夹杂物种类和体积分数对针状铁素体组织的形成非常重要.稀土氧化物（包含稀土氧硫化物）与铁素体具有低至1.9%的错配度降低针状铁素体在夹杂物表面的形核能垒,从而促使它在稀土氧化物上形核.反之,稀土硫化物与铁素体具有高达42.5%的错配度不能诱导生成针状铁素体组织.此外,微观组织中针状铁素体的体积分数随着夹杂物体积分数的增加而增大,当钢中夹杂物体积分数是9.5×10-4时其体积分数达到53%.     

光斑性质对四象限探测器测量精度的影响

基于四象限探测器光电探测的工作原理,从理论上详细分析了光斑性质对探测结果的影响,通过数值仿真得出了光斑大小和光斑强度与测量精度的关系。并利用实验平台验证了分析结果,最后提出了几种减小光斑性质对探测结果影响的措施。为估算由光斑性质造成的测量误差提供了理论依据,并对实际应用中选择合适激光光源具有一定的指导意义。     

碳含量和组织类型对低合金钢耐蚀性的影响

研究了不同碳含量和显微组织的低合金钢的耐腐蚀性能和腐蚀行为,并与商业耐候钢09CuPCrNi进行了相应的比较.通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜观察,轧后水冷钢的主体组织为板条状贝氏体,轧后空冷钢为针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体、M/A小岛和少量渗碳体(珠光体)的混合物.用干湿循环加速腐蚀实验对耐蚀性测定结果表明:低碳钢(0.03%C)和轧后水冷的较高碳含量钢(0.1%C)的耐蚀性均明显优于09CuPCrNi;低碳含量钢的组织类型对其耐蚀性影响不大;较高碳含量情况下,单相贝氏体钢的耐蚀性优于由铁素体、渗碳体(珠光体)等构成的复相组织钢;轧后水冷时,不同碳含量的钢耐蚀性差别不大;轧后空冷时,低碳含量钢的耐蚀性优于较高碳含量钢.用扫描电镜对锈层进行观察,可以看出耐蚀性较好的样品在腐蚀后期形成了致密的内锈层.     

高效排杂熔剂净化处理对电工圆铝杆组织与性能的影响

探讨了不同熔体净化处理工艺对连铸连轧电工圆铝杆的组织、力学性能及电阻率的影响规律 .结果表明 :采用高效排杂熔剂净化处理铝液 ,其排杂除气效果显著 ,与常规吹N2 喷射精炼剂处理相比 ,夹杂物由原来粗大片状或长条状变成细小圆整的颗粒状 ,分布均匀 ,无聚集成团现象 ,显微缩孔小且少 ;在同一强度水平下 ,伸长率提高约 2 4 % ,电阻率也得到一定程度的降低     

焊接速度对304L钢薄板激光焊接接头性能的影响

通过0.4 mm厚304L钢薄板的激光焊接试验,研究了焊接速度对焊接接头宏观形貌、硬度分布以及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:在设定的5种焊接速度(200、250、300、350、400 mm/min)下获得的焊缝熔宽均较为均匀,焊接接头均为全熔透状态,熔宽随着焊接速度的提高而减小;焊接接头硬度均大于母材且其横截面分布趋势都呈M形,焊缝区硬度随焊接速度的提高而增大;拉伸试样均于焊缝区断裂,其抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后伸长率随着焊接速度提高而增大,但都小于母材性能,当焊接速度为400 mm/min时,焊接接头的拉伸性能最佳。     

Effect of cooling parameters on the microstructure and properties of Mo-bearing and Cr-bearing steels

To develop low-cost low carbon bainitic steel, Mo-bearing and Cr-bearing steels were melted in a vacuum induction furnace and were researched by thermal simulation and hot rolling at the laboratory. As the cooling rate increases from 0.2 to 50℃/s, the transformation temperatures of two steels lie between 650 and 400℃, and the final microstructures of them change from quasi-polygonal ferrite and granular bainite to lath bainite. Compared with cooling in air or by interrupted cooling, Mo-bearing and Cr-bearing steel plates cooled by sprayed water boast higher strength and superior toughness, for large-size islands are responsible for the poor mechanical properties. Compared to Mo, Cr is effective to isolate the bainitic reaction in low carbon steel, and the bainitic microstructure can also be obtained in Cr-bearing steel cooled at a wide range of cooling rate.     

热暴露对Al—Cu—Mg—Ag合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金经时效处理165℃×2 h(欠时效态)后,在不同温度(150~300℃)和不同时间(0~1000 h)热暴露后的显微组织和性能.结果表明:在150℃热暴露下,随时间延长,其剩余强度先上升后下降,强度峰值出现在100 h,在1000 h后合金力学性能相对欠时效态无明显下降;在200~300℃热暴露时,合金的强度随时间的延长而下降,延伸率随着时间的延长而增大;在300℃热暴露时,合金的强度明显下降,暴露10 h后其抗拉强度为272.5 MPa,100 h后其抗拉强度降至114.5 MPa.欠时效状态的合金组织主要为均匀细小分布Ω相;随着暴露温度的升高,Ω相长大并粗化,晶界无析出带(PFZ)变宽.     

形变温度对高锰TRIP/TWIP钢拉伸性能和组织的影响

研究合金成分为18Mn-0.15C-3Si-3Al的高锰TRIP/TWIP钢(18Mn钢)在-40～200℃范围内的拉伸变形行为,分析形变温度对其拉伸性能、相组成和显微组织的影响.采用EBSD取向成像分析方法着重研究了(111)取向的奥氏体晶粒在拉伸过程中的相组成变化.结果表明,随着形变温度的升高,18Mn钢的抗拉强度和延伸率大体上呈降低趋势,TRIP效应很快消失,形变孪晶和位错滑移取代马氏体相变成为主要的形变机制,即奥氏体晶粒内形变机制的变化为:α＇-M相变→ε-M相变→形变孪晶→位错滑移.18Mn钢中较硬的铁素体在形变过程中能提高材料的加工硬化率,但同时也会引起低温脆性.     

Effect of thermal aging on the fatigue crack growth behavior of cast duplex stainless steels

The effect of thermal aging on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of Z3CN20-09M cast duplex stainless steel with low ferrite content was investigated in this study. The crack surfaces and crack growth paths were analyzed to clarify the FCG mechanisms. The microstructure and micromechanical properties before and after thermal aging were also studied. Spinodal decomposition in the aged ferrite phase led to an increase in the hardness and a decrease in the plastic deformation capacity, whereas the hardness and plastic deformation capacity of the austenite phase were almost unchanged after thermal aging. The aged material exhibited a better FCG resistance than the unaged material in the near-threshold regime because of the increased roughness-induced crack closure associated with the tortuous crack path and rougher fracture surface; however, the tendency was reversed in the Paris regime because of the cleavage fracture in the aged ferrite phases.     

热轧工艺对Cu-Cr-Zr合金力学性能和电学性能的影响

应用热轧在线淬火和随后的形变热处理相结合的工艺制备Cu-Cr-Zr合金板材,通过显微硬度、电导率、金相和TEM测试手段分析合金在加工制备过程中性能和组织的变化.研究结果表明:合适的热轧在线淬火工艺只需一次加热便能完成均匀化和快速热轧-淬火处理,达到在线固溶的目的;经热轧在线淬火工艺处理的合金组织细小、均匀,为后续的冷加工和时效处理提供良好的组织准备;于920℃热轧在线淬火能更好地满足实际生产和综合性能的要求.当热轧温度为920℃时,热轧在线淬火后的Cu-Cr-Zr合金,经80％冷轧并在450℃时效30 min后其硬度和电导率分别可达180和80.1％IACS.