Microstructure and structural color in wing scales of butterfly Thaumantis diores

The butterfly Thaumantis diores is a species in the Northeast of China. There are two kinds of scales on its wings, which overlap like roof tiles and completely cover the membrane. The SEM results showed that only Type-I scales play a key role in forming the blue structural color. Type-II scales have black chemical color. The cross section micro-configuration of scales is achieved by using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The brilliant blue generated through the multilayer microstructure is expla...     

Microstructure and structural color in wing scales of butterfly Thaumantis diores

The butterfly Thaumantis diores is a species in the Northeast of China. There are two kinds of scales on its wings, which overlap like roof tiles and completely cover the membrane. The SEM results showed that only Type-I scales play a key role in forming the blue structural color. Type-II scales have black chemical color. The cross section micro-configuration of scales is achieved by using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The brilliant blue generated through the multilayer microstructure is explained by the photonic crystal reason. The multilayer microstructure of the ridges is optimized to 1D Bragg stack for simulation. The reflectivity of the wing is measured by a spectrometer, and the experimental graph accord with the simulation curves basically. When this species fly, the wing’s color and brightness can change because of the transform between structural color and chemical color. The bionic color-changing design and the significance of this effect in video stealth or other fields are discussed at the end of the paper. Supported by Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation (Grant No. 101020), the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30570235, 50635030), National Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2007CB616913) and Key Project of the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 105059)     

Hydrophobicity mechanism of non-smooth pattern on surface of butterfly wing

Twenty-nine species (24 genera, 6 families) of butterflies typical and common in northeast China were selected to make qualitative and quantitative studies on the pattern, hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity mechanism by means of scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measuring system. The scale surface is composed of submicro-class vertical gibbosities and horizontal links. The distance of scale is 48—91 μm, length 65—150 μm, and width 35—70 μm. The distance of submicro-class vertical gib-bosities on scale is 1.06—2.74 μm, height 200—900 nm, and width 200—840 nm. The better hydropho-bicity on the surface of butterfly wing (static contact angle 136.3°—156.6°) is contributed to the co-effects of micro-class scale and submicro-class vertical gibbosities on the wing surface. The Cassie equation was revised, and new mathematical models and equations were established.     

仿Morpho蝴蝶翅膀微纳结构的优化设计

鉴于Morpho蝴蝶翅膀呈耀眼蓝色光泽与蝶翅表面的微纳结构有密切联系,提出了一种服务于仿生微纳制造的优化设计方法.根据生物结构的形状与尺寸,结合微纳制造中的工艺约束,建立了便于制造的仿生模型.使用严格耦合波分析对仿生模型进行光学仿真计算.在此基础上,以提高仿生结构的蓝光波段（特征波长为470nm）反射率为目标,利用遗传算法对仿生模型进行了优化设计.所得到的最优结构反射率波峰均位于470nm附近,且反射率明显高于仿生结构.为了分析最优结构的蓝光波段高反射率机理,研究了不同层数最优结构的几何特征,计算了部分结构的磁场强度分布,确定了结构中影响反射率的主要参数.     

蝴蝶翅膀表面超微结构与浸润性机理分析

用热场发射扫描电子显微镜和接触角测量仪观测迁粉蝶、密纱眉眼蝶、素饰蛱蝶、绿带翠凤蝶和黑绢斑蝶翅膀表面的超微结构,测量其静态接触角和滚动角,测量分析表明: 蝴蝶翅膀表面覆盖着重叠排列的瓦片状鳞片,鳞片上分布有纵隆脊和肋,相邻脊脉与肋间形成了凹坑;鳞片的排间距、脊和肋按蝴蝶种类的不同而具有不同的尺寸.有鳞片翅膀表面的接触角在 139.7°～158.9°之间,明显大于无鳞片翅膀表面的接触角(88°～144°),正向、逆向和垂直翅脉发散方向的滚动角不同,翅膀表面的超微结构导致其具有各向异性的浸润性.     

仿Morpho蝶翅微纳结构制备及其光学特性

以Morpho Rhetenor蝴蝶鳞翅为研究对象,采用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对其蝶翅表面结构进行分析,提出一种易于操作、成本低的仿蝶翅微纳结构制备方法.以Morpho Rhetenor鳞片为生物模板,采用磁控溅射技术,借助烧结成型工艺,制备出仿蝶翅结构的Al2O3和ZnO反结构产物.再采用Rsoft软件对蝶翅结构及蝶翅样本的Al2O3和ZnO遗态结构进行光学仿真模拟,与实测的蝶翅样本反射谱进行比较.研究表明:仿真结果与所制备出的仿蝶翅微纳结构颜色及用低温原子层沉积工艺、溶胶凝胶等方法得到的结果较为近似,从而印证了该工艺的可行性,也为仿生微纳结构的制备及其应用提供了一条具有参考性的途径.     

论语言中的颜色与颜色词

本文从颜色词的分类及特点入手,研究它的国际共性、民族个性以及它在文学作品中的修辞作用。研究结果表明,颜色词是富有表现力的词,是不可缺少的有力修辞手段,是语言研究中一个重要课题,值得进行深入的探讨。     

Mimicking unfolding motion of a beetle hind wing

This paper presents an experimental research aiming to realize an artificial hind wing that can mimic the wing unfolding motion of AIIomyrina dichotoma, an insect in coleopteran order. Based on the understanding of working principles of beetle wing folding/unfolding mechanisms, the hind wing unfolding motion is mimicked by a combination of creative ideas and state-of-art artificial muscle actuator. In this work, we devise two types of artificial wings and the successfully demonstrate that they can be unfolded by actuation of shape memory alloy wires to provide actuation force at the wing base and along the leading edge vein. The folding/unfolding mechanisms may provide an insight for portable nano/micro air vehicles with morphing wings.     

浅谈色彩结构与色彩创造的构思方法

本文从色彩结构和色彩创造的构思方法出发,探讨了在色彩使用过程中所要遵循的基本原则和注意事项。     

浅谈彩色电视机的一种维修技巧

对索尼彩色电视的一种故障进行了分析,介绍了检修过程,并对检修要点进行了说明。     

Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry

Supergenes are tight clusters of loci that facilitate the co-segregation of adaptive variation, providing integrated control of complex adaptive phenotypes. Polymorphic supergenes, in which specific combinations of traits are maintained within a single population, were first described for 'pin' and 'thrum' floral types in Primula and Fagopyrum, but classic examples are also found in insect mimicry and snail morphology. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that generate these co-adapted gene sets, as well as the mode of limiting the production of unfit recombinant forms, remains a substantial challenge. Here we show that individual wing-pattern morphs in the polymorphic mimetic butterfly Heliconius numata are associated with different genomic rearrangements at the supergene locus P. These rearrangements tighten the genetic linkage between at least two colour-pattern loci that are known to recombine in closely related species, with complete suppression of recombination being observed in experimental crosses across a 400-kilobase interval containing at least 18 genes. In natural populations, notable patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) are observed across the entire P region. The resulting divergent haplotype clades and inversion breakpoints are found in complete association with wing-pattern morphs. Our results indicate that allelic combinations at known wing-patterning loci have become locked together in a polymorphic rearrangement at the P locus, forming a supergene that acts as a simple switch between complex adaptive phenotypes found in sympatry. These findings highlight how genomic rearrangements can have a central role in the coexistence of adaptive phenotypes involving several genes acting in concert, by locally limiting recombination and gene flow.     

上海地区常见蝴蝶幼虫识别

对上海地区13种常见蝴蝶的幼虫进行了采集、饲养、鉴定，对每种幼虫的形态特征和主要寄主进行了描述，并附有整体图片，此外，还编写了上海地区常见的13种蝴蝶幼虫的检索表．     

可压缩自由混合层中的输运平衡

为研究可压缩混合层中的输运特性 ,该文采用气动BGK格式模拟了超音速来流条件下的二维平面可压缩混合层的空间发展 ,给出了湍能、雷诺应力和动量输运方程中各项的分布情况。各平衡方程中粘性耗散项和粘性扩散项都很小。湍能主要是通过对流、湍流扩散和压力扩散进行输运 ;切应力输运方程中主要是生成项与压力扩散项和压力 -应变关联项的平衡 ;雷诺应力 (1,1)分量输运方程中以生成项和压力 -应变关联项为主 ;雷诺应力 (2 ,2 )分量输运方程中主要是压力 -应变关联项与湍流扩散项和压力扩散项之间的平衡。     

海湾内传输过程时间尺度的计算方法

为了探明海湾中水体交换、污染物扩散等过程中的物质传输特征,提出相应传输时间尺度的计算方法并进行数值模拟分析。基于水动力模型COHERENS,分别采用基于粒子跟踪法的Lagrange方法和基于对流-扩散方程的Eul-er方法对东京湾的滞留时间和游弋时间进行计算。结果显示:传输时间尺度在东京湾中的分布特征,表明水体自外洋进入海湾后的传输过程及湾内外水体的交换速率都在空间上存在差异。本方法既可用于估计水体系统宏观的传输时间尺度,亦能得到其空间分布。     

串联式磨盘挤出机提高聚合物复合材料混炼质量的研究

文中阐述了一种新型连续混炼设备——串联式磨盘挤出机的混炼机理 ,采用串联式磨盘挤出机和同向平行双螺杆挤出机对聚苯乙烯/四氧化三铁/丙烯酸、高密度聚乙烯/纳米氢氧化镁进行挤出混炼效果研究 ,通过显微照片和图像分析对共混物微观混炼效果进行数学统计分析 ,发现串联式磨盘挤出机混炼性能明显优于同向平行双螺杆挤出机 ,而且改变其磨盘间隙及螺杆转速可以达到不同的混炼效果。