Epidermal growth factor and the multiplication of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes.

The culture lifetime of epidermal cells of newborn humans is increased from 50 to 150 generations by adding to the medium epidermal growth factor, a polypeptide mitogen. EGF seems to delay senescence of the cells by maintaining them in a state further removed from terminal differentiation. This effect is revealed by a greater ability of the cells to survive subculture and initiate new colonies, but not necessarily by an increased growth rate.     

Computer-based characterization of epidermal growth factor precursor

The cDNA sequence of the precursor of mouse epidermal growth factor (EGFP) has recently been reported by two groups, both of whom noted the presence of repeated similar segments, each about 40 residues long. One of these repeat units overlaps with the sequence of epidermal growth factor itself. The sequence of epidermal growth factor has been reported to be similar to that of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) and a somewhat better match has been found with part of the sequence of bovine factor X, one of the blood coagulating factors. We report here that there is an even stronger similarity between the sequences of some of the repeat units of epidermal growth factor precursor and certain segments in factor X. This sequence similarity is also apparent in comparisons with other blood coagulation factors. On the basis of these sequence comparisons we suggest a scheme for the evolution of the epidermal growth factor precursor. We have also identified certain structural features in the precursor sequence that bear on the way in which the mature epidermal growth factor is generated.     

正常人口腔粘膜中表皮生长因子及其受体的表达

目的：研究人口腔粘膜中表皮生长因子（EGF）及其受体（EGF－R）的分布状态,方法：采用免疫组织化学方法,结果：EGF主要分布于口腔上皮底层细胞中,并随细胞向上分化而逐渐减少,其免疫染色出现在细胞浆中,EGF－R也主要在基底层细胞表达,除存在于细胞浆外,在细胞核中亦见表达,结论：表皮生长因子及其受体对口腔上皮细胞生长,分化的调节有重要作用,但EGF－R在细胞核中的表达,其作用尚需深入研究。     

The neu oncogene encodes an epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein

The neu oncogene is repeatedly activated in neuro- and glioblastomas derived by transplacental mutagenesis of the BDIX strain of rat with ethylnitrosourea. Foci induced by the DNAs from such tumours on NIH 3T3 cells contain the neu oncogene and an associated phosphoprotein of relative molecular mass 185,000 (p185). Previous work has shown that the neu gene is related to, but distinct from, the gene encoding the EGF receptor (c-erb-B). Here we describe a neu complementary DNA clone isolated from a cell line transformed by this oncogene; the clone has biological activity in a focus-forming assay. The nucleotide sequence of this clone predicts a 1,260-amino-acid transmembrane protein product similar in overall structure to the EGF receptor. We found that 50% of the predicted amino acids of neu and the EGF receptor are identical; greater than 80% of the amino acids in the tyrosine kinase domain are identical. Our results suggest strongly that the neu gene encodes the receptor for an as yet unidentified growth factor.     

Autophosphorylation sites on the epidermal growth factor receptor

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase with autophosphorylating activity. A 300 amino acid-long region of the receptor's cytoplasmic domain matches (35-90% homology) sequences of transforming proteins from the src family and includes a putative nucleotide binding site. Several of the src transforming proteins have tyrosine kinase activity, but v-erb-B, which appears to be a truncated EGF receptor, is virtually identical to the receptor over this region and yet lacks detectable kinase activity. To locate possible acceptor sites in the v-erb-B protein, we have mapped these sites in the human EGF receptor. We report here that three tyrosine sites near the C-terminus are phosphorylated in vitro. In intact cells, we find that EGF stimulates phosphorylation of several sites, the tyrosine 14 residues from the C-terminus being modified the most extensively. The equivalent site is absent in the v-erb-B protein of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) and may influence tyrosine kinase activity.     

基因工程人表皮生长因子（rhEGF）单克隆抗体的制备与初步鉴定

以基因工程人表皮生长因子(rhEGF)为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,将免疫的小鼠脾细胞与小鼠Sp2/0-Ag14骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经多次筛选和再克隆化,获得3株能稳定分泌抗rhEGF单克隆抗体(McAbs)的杂交瘤细胞株.对该3株杂交瘤细胞小鼠腹水进行了抗体效价测定,结果显示在1×10-6～2×10-7之间.对上述3种杂交瘤单抗(分别命名为:AE-2A4,AE-2G5和AE-3E11)进行了特异性、抗原决定簇及相对亲和力测定.结果表明,它们都具有抗rhEGF高特异性;并分别抗两个不同抗原决定簇;相对亲和力大小次序为:AE-3E11>AE-2A4>AE-2G5.Ig亚类鉴定结果显示:AE-2A4,AE-3E11同为IgG1亚类,而AE-2G5为IgG2b亚类.确定AE-2A4单克隆抗体可用于制备高纯rhEGF.     

Vaccinia virus encodes a polypeptide homologous to epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor type I (TGF) are polypeptides of 53 and 50 amino acid residues, respectively. Both bind to EGF receptor, a 1,200-residue transmembranous glycoprotein, leading to phosphorylation of the receptor, enhancement of its tyrosine-specific kinase activity and ultimately to stimulation of cell growth. We report here that a 140-residue polypeptide encoded by one of the early genes of vaccinia virus (VV) is related closely to EGF and TGF. The presence of putative signal and transmembranous sequences further suggests that the viral protein might be an integral membrane protein, but that, as in the case of EGF itself, the membrane-associated form may be the precursor of a soluble growth factor. Production of EGF-like growth factors by virally infected cells could account for the proliferative diseases associated with members of the poxvirus family such as Shope fibroma virus, Yaba tumour virus, and molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV).     

人表皮生长因子(hEGF)基因的合成、鉴定及植物表达质粒的构建

用PCR方法合成了人表皮生长因子（hEGF）基因，构建了原核表达质粒p 20T-hEGF，研究了原核表达的重组蛋白hEGF的生物学活性，并构建了植物表达质粒，研究表明：无论是融合蛋白GST－hEGF或纯化的hEGF蛋白，都有相当高的生物活性，hEGF蛋白对Hela细胞的增殖有很好的促进作用，免疫小鼠亦能产生很高的免疫应答反应。     

重组人表皮生长因子在毕赤酵母X33中的构建、表达和纯化

在毕赤酵母X33中表达人表皮生长因子并纯化,对表皮生长因子(EGF)进行密码子优化,构建pPICZa A-EGF真核表达质粒,转化X33感受态细胞;利用抗性筛选以及PCR鉴定阳性菌株。经过甲醇诱导和镍柱纯化,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测蛋白分泌表达情况。成功构建了表达pPICZa A-EGF真核表达质粒,转入X33中获得阳性菌株,成功诱导蛋白分泌表达并纯化。在毕赤酵母X33中成功表达人表皮生长因子,纯化后纯度为80%,收率为5.8 mg/L。     

Retinoids specifically enhance the number of epidermal growth factor receptors

Retinoids elicit many biological and biochemical responses from cells in vitro. One widely used criterion for the responsiveness of cells to retinoids is inhibition of growth; retinoids reduce the saturation density and/or growth rate of many normal and tumorigenic cell lines. Propagation of eukaryotic cells has been demonstrated to be dependent on the presence of macromolecular growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), which can stimulate proliferation of epithelial and fibroblastic cell lines. We now describe the effect of retinoids on the binding of EGF to its receptor. Retinoic acid enhances binding of 125I-labelled EGF to various fibroblastic and epidermal cell lines. It has no marked effect on the affinity of this growth factor for its receptor, but increases the number of EGF receptor sites. Retinoic acid has little effect on the binding of concanavalin A (Con A) and insulin, indicating the specific nature of the action of retinoids on cell-surface glycoproteins. Treatment of cells with the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and retinoic acid shows poor antagonism between these compounds on EGF binding. It has been previously shown that retinoids induce or stimulate differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. EGF binding can be used as a marker to monitor differentiation of these cells.     

人表皮生长因子（hEGF）基因合成及在枯草杆菌BS9920中分泌表达

采用PCR技术人工合成了一段长约175bp的人表生长因子（hEGF)的基因片段，为了便于克隆，在该片段的5′端设计了Pst I的酶切位点及与pUS186载体signal sequence相连接的碱基部分，在3′端设计了HindⅢ的酶切位点及终止密码子，经DNA分析，合成的片段与已发表的hEGF在序列上完全一致，之后将其克隆至枯草杆菌分泌型质粒载体pUS186上，构建重组载体pUSE并转化一株枯草杆菌突变菌株BS9920感受态细胞，以PCR法快速筛选重组菌落，RIA检测结果表明BS9920阳性转化子能够表达和分泌hEGF。     

Argos inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor signalling by ligand sequestration

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has critical functions in development and in many human cancers. During development, the spatial extent of EGFR signalling is regulated by feedback loops comprising both well-understood activators and less well-characterized inhibitors. In Drosophila melanogaster the secreted protein Argos functions as the only known extracellular inhibitor of EGFR, with clearly identified roles in multiple stages of development. Argos is only expressed when the Drosophila EGFR (DER) is activated at high levels, and downregulates further DER signalling. Although there is ample genetic evidence that Argos inhibits DER activation, the biochemical mechanism has not been established. Here we show that Argos inhibits DER signalling without interacting directly with the receptor, but instead by sequestering the DER-activating ligand Spitz. Argos binds tightly to the EGF motif of Spitz and forms a 1:1 (Spitz:Argos) complex that does not bind DER in vitro or at the cell surface. Our results provide an insight into the mechanism of Argos function, and suggest new strategies for EGFR inhibitor design.     

ATP-stimulated interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor and supercoiled DNA

The receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been identified as a transmembrane glycoprotein that has tyrosine-specific kinase activity. The kinase activity of the receptor is enhanced in the presence of EGF (or related peptides), and the phosphorylation of a number of substrates, as well as autophosphorylation of the receptor, has been reported. Analogous findings have been described for the insulin receptor and the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Thus, a number of hormone receptors and several viral transforming proteins appear to share the highly unusual property of tyrosine-specific kinase activity. Nevertheless, the specific relationship between tyrosine kinase activity and the control of cell growth and replication is unknown. It is known that after the initial binding of EGF to the plasma membrane, the hormone together with its receptor is rapidly internalized in endocytic vesicles and the hormone is eventually degraded in lysosomes. It is possible that the function of EGF is simply to stimulate internalization of its receptor, and that as a result of its altered location the receptor is able to phosphorylate a cytoplasmic component or even interact directly with a nuclear component. We now report that the purified receptor for EGF is able to interact with and nick supercoiled double-stranded DNA in an ATP-stimulated manner.     

喜树叶表皮结构

通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜，观察了喜树成熟叶的表皮细胞、气孔器、表皮毛形态，以及上、下表皮细胞外壁上的角质膜和蜡质纹饰．结果表明，上、下表皮层的形态结构差异较大．仅下表皮有气孔分布，气孔类型属不规则类型，常可观察到两个气孔着生在一起．上、下表皮均分布有非腺性单细胞毛