Douglas-fir beetle ( Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, Coleoptera: Scolytidae) brood production on Douglas-fir defoliated by western spruce budworm ( Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Logan Canyon, Utah

Douglas-fir beetle brood production was studied on Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb. ] Franco)trees defoliated by the western spruce budworm between 1983 and 1985. Tallies were made of the number of attacks, total length and number of egg galleries, number of eggs deposited, number of larval tunnels, number of pupal chambers, and number of emerging beetles (per female and per unit area). Data analysis showed no significant differences among the three years studied. The number of emerging beetles per female parent was 0.59, and emergence per 90 cm 2 was 2.32 beetles. Egg, larval, and pupal survivals were 47.5%, 30.0%, and 15.5%, respectively.     

Attack and brood production by the Douglas-fir beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Pinaceae), following a wildfire

In 1994 ground fire ignited in forests of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Mirb.) Franco, on Beaver Mountain, Utah. The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, attacked a range of moderately fire-injured host conifers in 1995. Logistic regression models run for 1995 data illustrated that 1 year after the fire event the Douglas-fir beetle selected and attacked large-diameter Douglas-fir with 60%-80% bole char, 60%-80% crown volume scorch, and 50%-70% probability of mortality due to fire. In 1996 beetle preference shifted to smallerdiameter trees with lighter fire injury, because most large, fire-damaged conifers were colonized by beetles in 1995. Although beetle populations did not reach outbreak proportions outside the fire boundary, host selection shifted to green trees in 1997 along the burn perimeter. Log linear analysis indicated that increased brood production was conditioned by increased diameter and moderate fire damage to the trees.     

Nomenclatural changes in Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera)

New synonymy in Scolytidae includes Cryphalus piceae (Ratzeburg, 1837) (= Cryphalus subdepressus Eggers, 1940), Gnathotrupes longiusculus (Schedl, 1951) (= Gnathotrupes ciliatus Schedl, 1975), Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood (= Stephanoderes communis Schaufuss, 1891). In Platypodidae the new name Platypus abruptifer is proposed as a replacement for the junior homonym Platypus abruptus Browne, 1986; type-species designations are proposed for the genus group names Scutopygus Nunberg, 1966, Pygodolius Nunberg, 1966, Mixopygus Nunberg, 1966, Mesopygus Nunberg, 1966, Asetus Nunberg, 1958, Stenoplatypus Strohmeyer, 1914, Platypinus Schedl, 1939, Platyscapus Schedl, 1939, Treptoplatypus Schedl, 1939, Tesseroplatypus Schedl, 1935; previously unpublished specific synonymy is presented for Crossotarsus externedentatus (Fairmaire, 1849) (= Diapus talurae Stebbing, 1906), Crossotarsus terminatus Chapuis, 1865 (= Crossotarsus nicobaricus Beeson, 1937), Platypus abditus Schedl, 1936 (= Platypus transitus Schedl, 1978), Platypus rugosifrons Schedl, 1933 (= Platypus pretiosus Schedl, 1961), Platypus tiriosensis Reichardt, 1965 (= Platypus schedli Wood, 1966), Treptoplatypus multiporus Schedl, 1968 (= Playtpus fastuosus Schedl, 1969).     

Introduced and exported American Scolytidae (Coleoptera)

Fourteen North, Central, and South American Scolytidae have reached areas outside of America, namely Hawaii (5), Australia (3), Southeast Asia (2), Africa (7), Europe (1), and worldwide (1). The 44 species introduced into North and Central America have originated in South America (10), Southeast Asia (15), Africa (14), or Europe (7). Four North and Central American species have extended their ranges into new territory within this region. Most of the species that breed in the bole or roots of their host were imported more than a half century ago; those imported since 1950 breed mostly in seeds, pods, dry fruits, or small branches. Forty - five of the 62 species apparently can reproduce by means of facultative arrhenotokic parthenogenesis.     

New Pseudoxylechinus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from India

Pseudoxylechinus indicus is decribed as new to science from India.     

New species of American Corthylini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The following species are described as new to science: Monarthrum cordicticum, M. tetradontium, M. conversum, M. bidentatum (Mexico), M. subgranulatum (Honduras), M. morsum, M. carinatum, M. adustum, M. insignatum, M. fastigiorum, M. limulum, M. carinulum, M. infradentatum, M. corculum, M. posticum, M. proximum (Costa Rica), M. proprium, M. notatum (Costa Rica, Panama). M. bifoveatum (Costa Rica, Venezuela), Corthycyclon caliginis, C. furvus, C. morulas (Costa Rica), C. tardus (Costa Rica, Panama), Corthylocurus debilis (Costa Rica, Panama). &;nbsp;     

New species of American Corthylus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

A search for characters to make the generic classification of Platypodidae more nearly objective resulted in the discovery of new anatomical features that appear to reflect patterns in phylogeny for this family. The Platypodidae are members of the Curculionoidea and are very closely allied to Scolytidae. Three subfamilies of Platypodidae are recognized: (1) Coptonotinae, containing Coptonotini ( Coptonotus Chapuis, Protohylastes Wood, Scolytotarsus Schedl), Mecopelmini ( Mecopelmus Blackman, Protoplatypus Wood), and Schedlarini ( Schedlarius Wood [= Chapuisia Dugès]); (2) Tesserocerinae, containing Diapodini ( Diapus Chapuis, Genyocerus Motschulsky [= Diacavus Schedl], and Tesseroccrini ( Platytarsulus Schedl, Notoplatypus Lea, Tesserocranulus Schedl, Tesserocerus Saunders [= Damicerus Spinola, Tesseroplatypus Schedl, Tesserocephalus Schedl]), Spathidicerus Chapuis, Periommatus Chapuis [= Asetus Nunberg, Setanus Nunberg], Chaetastus Nunberg [= Symmerus Chapuis], Cenocephalus Chapuis, and Mitosoma Chapuis [= Platypicerus Nunberg, Coecephalonus Schedl]); and (3) Platypodinae, containing Platypodini ( Platypus Herbst [= Cylindra Illiger, Stenoplatypus Strohmeyer, Platypinus Schedl, Austroplatypus Browne], Treptoplatypus Schedl, Crossotarsus Chapuis, Trachyostus Schedl, Neotrachyostus Browne, Platyscapulus Schedl [= Platyscapus Schedl, Costaroplatus Nunberg], Baiocis Browne, Cylindropalpus Strohmeyer, Triozastus Schedl, Mesoplatypus Strohmeyer, Doliopygus Schedl [= Scutopygus Nunberg, Pygodolius Nunberg, Mixopygus Nunberg, Mesopygus Nunberg], and 11 genera named as new to science derived from the genus Platypus of Schedl 1972. The following are new genera and their type-species: Peroplatypus (for Platypus truncatipennis Schedl), Dinoplatypus (for Platypus cupulatus Chapuis), Myoplatypus (for Bostrichus or Paltypus flavicornis Fabricius), Oxoplatypus (for Scolytus or Platypus quadridentatus Olivier), Platyphysus (for Platypus obtusus Chapuis), Megaplatypus (for Platypus dentatus Dalman), Euplatypus (for Bostrichus or Platypus parallelus Fabricius), Epiplatypus (for Platypus desceptor Wood), and Teloplatypus (for Platypus concinnus Blandford). The archaic ""sektionen"" used by Schedl in his 1972 classification of this family are eliminated. A key for the identification of genera, a discussion of characters, and remarks on phylogeny are included.     

New species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The following species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) are described as new to science: Amphicranus splendens, Araptus micropilosus (Mexico), Araptus morigerus (Panama), Araptus placetulus (Mexico), Chramesus bispinus (Colombia), Cnesinus aquihuai (Mexico), Cnesinus atrocis (Panama), Cnesinus meris (Colombia), Dendrocranulus gracilis, Hylastes retifer, Hylocurus prolatus, Micracis burgosi, Phloeotribus perniciosus, Pseudothysanoes fimbriatus, Pseudothysanoes pini, Scolytodes pilifer, Scolytus binodus (Mexico).     

New genus of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Asia

Pseudoxylechinus , new genus, and uniformis (type-species) (Yunnan), variegatus (Sanxi), sinensis (Yunnan), rugatus (Yunnan), and tibetensis (Tibet), new species, are described. Kissophagus tiliae Niisima, 1910, is also transferred to this genus.     

Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera)

New replacement names for junior homonyms are presented as follows; Acanthotomicus tuberculifer for A. (Mimips) tuberculatus Schedl 1967, Chactoptelius versicolor for C. (Acrantus) tricolor Schedl 1958, Hylesinopsis angolanus for H. (Aridiamerus) angolensis Schedl 1982, Hylurgops tuberculifer for H. tuberculatus Schedl 1947, Pseudothysanoes spinatifer for P. spinatus Wood 1956, Scolytodes aterrimus for S. ater (Hylocurosoma atrum Eggers) 1941, Scolytodes boliviensis for S. (Prionosceles) bolivianus Eggers 1928, Scolytodes brasiliensis for S. (Hexacolus) brasiliensis Schedl 1935, Scolytodes discriminatus for S. discedens Eggers 1943, Scolytodes elongatissimus for S. elongatus (Hylocurosoma elongatum Eggers) 1943, Scolytodes gennaens for S. genialis Wood 1978, Scolytodes laevigatulus for S. (Hexacolus) laevigatus Schedl 1962, Scolytodes laevicorpus for S. laevis (Hylocurosoma laeve Eggers) 1943, Scolytodes majus for S. major Eggers 1943, Scolytodes medialis for S. medius Eggers 1943. New synonymy is reported for Dactylipalpus niger Schedl (= D. unctus Wood), Dendroctonus armandi Tsai & Li (= D. prosorovi Kurenzov & Kononov), Sinophloeus porter Brèthes (= S. destructor Eggers). Species new to science include: Acacicis bicornis (New Guinea), Acacicis zeylanicus (Sri Lanka), Sphaerotrypes bengalensis (India), Sphaerotrypes costatus (North Andaman Island), Sphaerotrypes cristatus (Sri Lanka), Sphaerotrypes pentacme (Burma), Sphaerotrypes ranasinghei (Sri Lanka), Xylechinus ougeiniac (India), Xylechinus padus (India).     

List of Idaho Scolytidae (Coleoptera) and notes on new records

Reported are 105 species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Idaho. About one-third of these are rarely collected, of which 22 species are known from a single locality each. Twelve species reported from Idaho for the first time are: Carphoborus carri Swaine, C. sansoni Swaine, Phloeosinus hoferi Blackman, Conophthorus monophyllae Hopkins, Dryocoetes betulae Hopkins, Ips confuses (LeConte), Pityophthorus absonus Blackman, P. aquilus Blackman , P. blandus Blackman, P. deletus LeConte, P. sculptor Blackman, and Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg). Significant extensions of the known distributions in Idaho are reported for seven other scolytids; Alniphagus aspericollis (LeConte), Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins, Phloeotribus lecontei Schedl, Procryphalus mucronatus (LeConte), Trypophloeus populi Hopkins, Xyleborus dispar (Fabricius), and X. intrusus Blandford. Xyleborus dispar especially needs study in anticipation that it may become increasingly important in Idaho fruit trees and other woody plants including ornamentals and shade trees.     

New genera and new generic synonymy in Scolytidae (Coleoptera)

New generic synonymy in the world fauna of Scolytidae includes: Acanthotomicus Blandford ( = Isophthorus Schedl), Acrantus Broun ( = Chaetophorous Fuchs, Chaetoptelius Fuchs), Cosmoderes Eichhoff ( = Erioschidias Schedl), Ernoporicus Berger ( = Ernopocerus Balachowsky), Ernoporus Thomson ( = Euptilius Schedl), Hylurdrectonus Schedl ( = Xylogopinus Schedl), Ozopemon Hagedorn ( Dryocoetiops Schedl), Scolytogenes Eichhoff ( = Cryphalomorphus Schaufuss). Stephanopodius Schedl ( = Cryphalomimetes Browne), and Xylechinus Chapuis ( = Squamasinulus Nunberg). Genera new to science and their type-species include: Anaxyleborus ( Tomicus truncatus Erichson), Apoxyleborus ( Xyleborus mancus Blandford), Cryphalogenes ( Cryphalogenes euphorbiae Wood), Ernocladius ( Cryphalus corpulentus Sampson), Hadrodemius ( Xyleborus globus Blandford), Leptoxyleborus ( Phloeotrogus sordicauda Motschulsky), Microperus ( Xyleborus theae Eggers), Taphrodasus ( Xyleborus percorthylus Schedl), and Taurodemus ( Xyleborus sharpi Blandford). The new name Hylurdrectonus corticinus is presented to replace H. araucariae (Schedl 1972). Dryocoetes coffeae Eggers is transferred to Eulepiops. The following genera are treated in a revised context: Crytogenius, Dryocoetes, Eulepiops, Ernoporicus, Ernoporus, Xyleborus, and Xylechinus. Cryphalogenes euphorbiae and C. exiguus (Sri Lanka) are named as new to science.     

List of Oregon Scolytidae (Coleoptera) and notes on new records

Listed are 121 species of Scolytidae from Oregon. Ten species are reported from Oregon for the first time: Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff, Phloeosinus scopulorum scopulorum Swaine, Phloeosinus hoferi Blackman, Trypodendron betulae Swaine, Xyleborus xylographus (Say), Trypophloeus striatulus (Mannerheim), T. Thatcheri Wood, Procryphalus mucronatus (LeConte), Pityophthorus scalptor Blackman, and Monarthrum dentigerum (LeConte). The second Oregon specimen of an exotic species, Xyleborus californicus Wood, is reported also.     

List of Montana Scolytidae (Coleoptera) and notes on new records

Listed are 96 species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Montana. Eighteen species reported from Montana for the first time are: Scierus pubescens Swaine, Hylastinus obscurus (Marsham), Hylesinus aculeatus Say, Hylesinus californicus (Swaine), Hylesinus criddlei (Swaine), Pseudohylesinus granulatus (LeConte), Dendroctunus punctatus LeConte, Phloeosinus hoferi Blackman, Phloeosinus pini Swaine, Carphoborus pinicolens Wood, Scolytus subscaber LeConte, Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), Trypodendron betulae Swaine, Trypodendron retusum (LeConte), Trypophloeus populi Hopkins, Procryphalus mucronatus, (LeConte), Pityophthorus alpinensis G. Hopping, and Gnathotrichus denticulatus Blackman.     

New synonymy and new species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

  New synonymy in Scolytidae is proposed as follows: Camptocerus opacicollis (Eggers) ( = Camptocerus aquilus Wood), Cladoctonus corumbensis (Eggers) (= Hoplitophthorus bolivianus Wood), Cladoctonus interruptus (Eggers) ( = Hoplitophthorus sentus Wood), Cnemonyx errans (Blandford) ( = Ceratolepis barbatus Schedl), Cnemonyx flavicornis (Chapnis) (= Cnemonyx vianai Schedl), Cnesinus dividuus Schedl (= Cnesinus dryographus Schedl, Cnesinus laevicollis Schedl), Cryptocurus spinipennis Schedl (= Hyloperus caudatus Browne, Hyloperus bicornis Browne), Dendrosinus ater Eggers (= Dendrosinus hirsutus Schedl), Hylesinus aculeatus Say ( = Hylesinus imperialis Eichhoff), Hylesinus cordipennis Lea (= Hylesinus papuanus Eggers), Hylesinus macmahoni (Stebbing) (= Hylesinus alternans Schedl, Leperisinus fraxinoides Beeson, Leperisinus fraxinoides Schedl), Hylesinus niligrinus Eggers (= Trogloditica robusta Schedl), Phloeosinopsoides triseriatus (Schedl) (= Xylechinus papuanus Schedl), Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard) ( = Phloeotribus americanus Dejean), Scolytogenes darwini Eichhoff ( = Nigritus similis Eggers, Nigritus major Eggers, Scolytogenes cryptolepis Schedl), Scolytodes notatus Eggers ( = Hexacolus pseudobicolor Eggers, Hexacolus subparalleus Eggers, Hexacolus pelicerinus Schedl), Scolytopsis puncticollis Blandford ( = Scolytopsis argentinensis Schedl, Scolytus bruchi Schedl, Scolytopsis toba Wichmann), Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus) (= Blastophagus khasianus Murayama), Xylechinus spathifer Schedl (= Pteleobius lomatiae Schedl). Species new to science are described as Acanthotomicus ipsimorphus (Costa Rica), Acrantus opimus (Indonesian New Guinea), Bothrosternus hirsutus (Venezuela), Cnesinus discretus (Venezuela) Cnesinus minor (Costa Rica), Corthylus trunacatus (Peru), Hylurgus indicus (India), Pachycotes minor (Australia), Phloeosinopsoides pumilus (Papua New Guinea), Xylechinosomus pilosus (Brazil).           

New synonymy and records of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Alniphagus africanus Schedl, 1963, and Hylesinus africanus Schedl, 1965, were both transferred to Hylesinopsis and thereby become junior homonyms of H. africanus (Eggers, 1933). The new name H. acaciolens is proposed as a replacement for Schedl's 1963 name and H. secutus as a new name for Schedl's 1965 name. Six species from Mexico are described as new to science, including: Hylocurus atkinsoni, H. crotonis, Monarthrum xalapensis, Pseudochramesus jaliscoensis, Pseudopityophthorus durangoensis , and P. xalapae .     

New generic synonymy and new genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera)

New generic synonymy in Scolytidae is proposed as follows: Amasa Lea ( = Pseudoxyleborus Eggers), Araptus Eichhoff ( = Brachydendrulus Schedl, Gnathocranus Schedl, Gnathoborus Schedl), Chortastus Schaufuss ( = Afrochramesus Schedl), Cosmoderes Eichhoff ( = Dendriops Schedl), Cryphalus Erichson ( = Acryphalus Tsai & Li, Jugocryphalus Tsai & Li), Cyrtogenius Strohmeyer ( = Eulepiops Schedl, Ozodendron Schedl, Mimidendrulus Schedl, Artepityophthorus Schedl), Dendrographus Schedl ( = Protopityophthorus Schedl), Glostatus Schedl ( = Paraglostatus Schedl), Gnathotrupes Schedl ( = Gnathocortus Schedl, Gnathomimus Schedl, Gnathoglochinus Schedl), Hylesinopsis Eggers ( = Metahylesinus Eggers, Hapalophloeus Schedl, Hemihylesinus Schedl), Hypothenemus Westwood ( = Chondronoderes Schedl, Archeophalus Schedl, Pachynoderes Schedl, Lepiceroides Schedl), Liparthrum Wollaston ( = Dacryophthorus Schedl), Mimiocurus Schedl ( = Micracidendron Schedl, Mimiophthorus Schedl), Miocryphalus Schedl ( = Afromicracis Schedl), Phloeoditica Schedl ( = Xylechinops Browne), Pityophthorus Eichhoff ( = Breviophthorus Schedl, Neomips Schedl), Pseudothysanoes Blackman ( = Bostrichips Schedl, Gretschkinia Sokanovskii, Neoglostatus Schedl), Scolytodes Ferrari ( = Hexacolinus Schedl, Cryphalophilus Schedl), Scolytogenes Eichhoff ( = Xylocryptus Schedl), Taphrorychus Eichhoff ( = Saliciphilus Sokanovskii, Taphroterus Schedl), Tricolus Blandford ( = Pterocyclonoides Schedl), Triotemnus Wollaston ( = Cladoproctus Schedl), Xylosandrus Reitter ( = Apoxyleborus Wood). New specific synonymy in Scolytidae is proposed for: Chortastus agnatus Eggers ( = Afromicracis baguenai Schedl), Pelicerus (now Dendrographus ) pygmaeus Eggers ( = Protopityophthorus durus Schedl). The status of Pseudomicracus Eggers is discussed. The following new genera are proposed in Scolytidae: Phloeographus (type-species: Phloeographus mamibiae Wood), Phloeocurus (type-species: Hylocurus africanus Schedl), Saurotocis (type-species: Micracidendron tomicoides Schedl), and Peridryocoetes (type-species: Ozodendron nitens Schedl). Pseudothysanoes spinatulus, new name, is proposed to replace P. spinatus Wood, 1956.     

Nomenclatural changes and new species in Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera)

New names are presented to replace junior homonyms as follows in Platypodidae: Platypus acuticornifer for Platypus acuticornis Schedl, 1975 (nec Schedl, 1973), Platypus tuberculifer for Platypus bituberculatus Schedl, 1975 (nec Nunberg, 1967), Platypus obliquus for Platypus obliquesectus Schedl, 1975 (nec Schedl, 1973); and in Scolytidae: Amphicranus electus for Amphicranus elegantulus Schedl, 1978 (nec Schedl, 1963), Araptus crassulus for Araptus crassus Wood (nec Schedl, 1966), Corthycyclon tardulus for Corthycyclon tardus Schedl, 1976 (nec Wood, 1974), Corthylus brunnescens for Corthylus brunneus Wood, December 1974 (nec Schedl, November 1974), Monarthrum denticulatum for Monarthrum (= Pterocyclon ) dentatum Eggers, 1941 (nec Eggers, 1935), Monarthrum peruvianum for Monarthrum peruvianum Schedl, 1978 (nec Schedl, 1950), Scolytodes eximius for Scolytodes grandis Schedl, 1978 (nec Schedl, 1962), Scolytodes minutus for Scolytodes (= Hexacolus) minutissimus Schedl, 1978 (nec Schedl, 1952). New synonymy is proposed in Platypodidae for Genyocerus albipennis Motschulsky ( = Diacavus irregularis Browne). The emendation in Scolytidae of Cnemonyx vismiacolens is presented to correct the lapsis calami Cnemonyx visimiacolens Wood, 1979. The following species of Scolytidae are named as new to science: Chramesus atkinsoni, Liparthrum thevetiae, Microborus mexicanus, Phloeocleptus ardis, Phloeocleptus atkinsoni, Phloecleptus cristatus, Phloeocleptus spicatus, Pseudothysanoes perseae (Mexico), Scolytodes anceps, Scolytodes pusillimus, Scolytodes tardus, Scolytodes vesculus (Colombia), Scolytodes ficicolens, Scolytodes naevius (Venezuela).     

New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

New replacement names for junior homonyms are presented as follows; Acanthotomicus tuberculifer for A. (Mimips) tuberculatus Schedl 1967, Chactoptelius versicolor for C. (Acrantus) tricolor Schedl 1958, Hylesinopsis angolanus for H. (Aridiamerus) angolensis Schedl 1982, Hylurgops tuberculifer for H. tuberculatus Schedl 1947, Pseudothysanoes spinatifer for P. spinatus Wood 1956, Scolytodes aterrimus for S. ater (Hylocurosoma atrum Eggers) 1941, Scolytodes boliviensis for S. (Prionosceles) bolivianus Eggers 1928, Scolytodes brasiliensis for S. (Hexacolus) brasiliensis Schedl 1935, Scolytodes discriminatus for S. discedens Eggers 1943, Scolytodes elongatissimus for S. elongatus (Hylocurosoma elongatum Eggers) 1943, Scolytodes gennaens for S. genialis Wood 1978, Scolytodes laevigatulus for S. (Hexacolus) laevigatus Schedl 1962, Scolytodes laevicorpus for S. laevis (Hylocurosoma laeve Eggers) 1943, Scolytodes majus for S. major Eggers 1943, Scolytodes medialis for S. medius Eggers 1943. New synonymy is reported for Dactylipalpus niger Schedl (= D. unctus Wood), Dendroctonus armandi Tsai & Li (= D. prosorovi Kurenzov & Kononov), Sinophloeus porter Brèthes (= S. destructor Eggers). Species new to science include: Acacicis bicornis (New Guinea), Acacicis zeylanicus (Sri Lanka), Sphaerotrypes bengalensis (India), Sphaerotrypes costatus (North Andaman Island), Sphaerotrypes cristatus (Sri Lanka), Sphaerotrypes pentacme (Burma), Sphaerotrypes ranasinghei (Sri Lanka), Xylechinus ougeiniac (India), Xylechinus padus (India).     

Ecology of Comandra umbellata (Santalaceae) in western Wyoming

Comandra umbellate is the alternate host of a hard pine canker rust disease induced by the fungus Cronartium comandrae . The occurrence and density of C. umbellata were recorded near lodgepole pine stands in the Wind River District, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming. Comandra populations occurred most often on slopes with southern aspects, particularly southwestern, and on steep slopes; these sites tended to be dry and relatively open. Comandra was also found growing under heavy perennial shrub canopy covers. It was most often associated with sagebrush but was common near other perennial shrubs as well. Overall, C. umbellata appeared to be a poor competitor with dense grass populations. Comandra was found primarily on Abies lasiocarpa/Juniperus communis, Pinusflexilis/ Hesperochloa kingii , and Artemisia tridentata/Festuca idahoensis habitats. No comandra was found in the Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium scoporium habitat.