低渗透油藏双重介质试井

解决低渗透油藏双重介质试井解释问题。基于低速非线性渗流新模型,建立了考虑井筒储集效应与表皮系数的低渗透油藏双重介质试井解释模型,利用有限差分进行数值求解,绘制了无因次试井典型曲线,并对无因次非线性参数c1D和c2D进行了分析.结果表明:非线性渗流主要影响基质系统与裂缝系统的窜流阶段,表现为导数曲线的凹子深度变小.c1D和c2D是决定曲线形态的特征参数.当c1D与c2D的和不为常数时,c1D或c2D增大,凹子深度变小;当c1D与c2D的和为常数时,c1D增大即c2D减小,凹子深度变小.对于封闭边界和定压边界在试井曲线上的压力响应,新模型与达西模型一致.     

基于高速非达西渗流新模型的试井分析

基于高速非达西渗流新模型,建立了考虑井筒储存和表皮系数的均匀介质和双重介质试井模型,并采用有限差分求解。结果表明,无论是均匀介质还是双重介质,考虑高速非达西渗流后,压力曲线上移,压力导数曲线驼峰高度增加并后移,水平段出现的时间延迟。与Forchheimer 模型相比,新模型的上升幅度要小。Kmr 和τD 是决定曲线形态的重要参数,随着τD 增大和Kmr 减小,压力导数曲线驼峰高度增加幅度增大,压力曲线上移幅度增大。阐述了高速非达西渗流压力降落试井和压力恢复试井的不同,给出了高速非达西渗流压力恢复试井的一种简单解释方法。     

考虑应力敏感的稠油热采试井模型研究

基于稠油热采的物理过程,利用渗流力学基本原理,建立考虑应力敏感的稠油热采试井解释数学模型,通过Laplace变换和摄动变换法求解得到模型在拉氏空间的解析解,再利用Stehfest数值反演方法得到实空间的数值解,绘制无因次井底压力及压力导数与无因次时间的特征曲线,并进行影响因素分析。研究表明:该试井模型曲线可划分为5个流动阶段;考虑应力敏感影响时,内区与外区径向流阶段压力导数曲线都表现出不同程度的"上翘",外区径向流阶段压力导数曲线高于斜率为(1-n)/(3-n)的直线,应力敏感系数越大,偏离幅度越大;幂律指数越小,外区径向流阶段压力导数曲线"上翘"幅度越大。利用该模型可以分析储层的应力敏感特征,指导存在应力敏感效应的稠油热采试井资料的解释与研究。     

考虑二次梯度影响的渗流模型与试井样版曲线

从质量守恒原理出发,结合达西定律,考虑恒压缩系数的弹性多孔介质和单相微可压缩液体的等温渗流过程,推导出了考虑二次压力梯度影响的渗流方程。建立了考虑井储影响的无穷地层定产量生产试井模型,并通过变量代换,将渗流方程线性化,求得Laplace空间解析解,利用数值反演得到实空间的解,进而绘制了压力和压力导数双对数样版曲线。从物理渗流机理上对曲线形态特征进行了分析,得出了无因次二次压力梯度项系数α对渗流和试井曲线的影响结果。特别对低渗稠油油藏,二次压力梯度项的影响不应被忽略,所获得的结果可用于研究低渗油藏和稠油油藏的渗流规律和试井分析。     

分形油藏低速非达西渗流问题的组合数学模型

将非线性分形几何理论应用于渗流力学,建立分形油藏低速非达西渗流问题的组合模型。该模型由两个同心圆(圆中心为一口定产量的生产井)的分形油藏组成,内域为低速非达西渗流的分形油藏,外域为达西渗流的分形油藏。在内边界定流量和考虑井筒储存、表皮效应影响情况下,建立了分形油藏低速非达西渗流问题的有效井径组合数学模型,应用拉普拉斯变换方法求出了在两区域内压力分布的解析解,应用Stehfest数值反演方法求得井底的无因次压力,并分析了井底压力动态特征和参数影响。     

特低渗透油藏压力恢复试井分析理论

基于特低渗透油藏渗流新模型建立了考虑动边界影响的试井解释模型,并用数值方法求解,分析了压力降落和压力恢复试井曲线.研究表明:新模型的压力和压力导数曲线上翘,上翘幅度比拟启动压力梯度模型小.考虑动边界影响的试井曲线上翘幅度比不考虑时要小.c1D和c2D是决定曲线形态的特征参数.当c1D与c2D和不为常数时,随着clD或c2D增大,上翘幅度增大;当clD与c2D和为常数时,随着c1D增大,c2D减小,上翘幅度增大.压力降落和压力恢复试井曲线存在较大区别,应分别建立解释图版.     

存在有限导流断层的条带状油藏试井新模型

目前对断层封闭性的试井研究主要集中于封闭断层,用现有的试井解释模型对具有非封闭断层尤其是有限导流断层边界的油气藏试井资料进行解释所得到的结果往往并不理想。通过引入界面表皮的概念,建立了条带状油藏中存在有限导流断层的试井解释新模型,模型不仅考虑了流体通过断层面,还考虑了断层内部流体的流动,并利用Fourier余弦变换和Laplace变换等数学物理方法求得了井底压力表达式。绘制了模型的井底压力响应特征曲线,曲线共有7个流动阶段。分析表明,无因次导流能力F_CD值越大,曲线下凹程度越大;界面表皮S值越大,曲线上翘程度越大,当S值足够大时,表现为封闭断层的特征;无因次导压系数η_fD主要影响压力导数曲线下降的多少;流度比、厚度比、导压系数比主要影响压力导数曲线上升和下降。     

低渗透油藏不稳定渗流规律的研究

用无因次分析法对低渗透岩心的实验数据进行了分析 ,得出新的渗流规律。具体表述为 :低于亚临界雷诺数 (Rem=8.5× 10 -5)为非达西渗流 ,其运动方程为v =c(dp/dl) 3 ;高于亚临界雷诺数为达西渗流。从微观角度出发 ,应用边界层理论进一步证实了这一渗流规律。运用新的运动方程 ,建立了低渗透油藏不稳定渗流的数学模型。根据拉氏变换和Stehfest数值反演 ,求得了有限半径井的实空间近似解 ,并应用数值分析方法验证了近似解析方法的可行性。对低渗透油藏的压力动态特征以及边界对压力动态影响的分析结果表明 ,低渗透油层试井曲线的压力动态特征为 :短时曲线与达西渗流模型相似 ,而长时曲线则受到非达西渗流的影响。对于恒压边界油藏 ,压力趋于稳定的时间比达西渗流要迟一些 ;在无限大地层中 ,其导数曲线是一簇平行的倾斜线。对于同一区域低渗透油层试井曲线 ,其导数曲线出现“阶跃”的时间较迟的井区 ,流动系数比较好 ;反之则较差     

低渗透油藏不稳定渗流规律的研究

用无因次分析法对低渗透岩心的实验数据进行了分析,得出新的渗流规律.具体表述为低于亚临界雷诺数(Rem=8.5×10-5)为非达西渗流,其运动方程为v=c(dp/dl)3;高于亚临界雷诺数为达西渗流.从微观角度出发,应用边界层理论进一步证实了这一渗流规律.运用新的运动方程,建立了低渗透油藏不稳定渗流的数学模型.根据拉氏变换和Stehfest数值反演,求得了有限半径井的实空间近似解,并应用数值分析方法验证了近似解析方法的可行性.对低渗透油藏的压力动态特征以及边界对压力动态影响的分析结果表明,低渗透油层试井曲线的压力动态特征为短时曲线与达西渗流模型相似,而长时曲线则受到非达西渗流的影响.对于恒压边界油藏,压力趋于稳定的时间比达西渗流要迟一些;在无限大地层中,其导数曲线是一簇平行的倾斜线.对于同一区域低渗透油层试井曲线,其导数曲线出现"阶跃"的时间较迟的井区,流动系数比较好;反之则较差.     

特征点拟合法在非牛顿流试井解释中的应用

在分析幂律流体均质试井模型与幂律–牛顿流体复合试井模型影响因素的基础上,获得了复合驱非线性渗流两种试井模型理论特征点与试井解释参数的关系表达式,通过试井压力导数曲线的特征点坐标可以求取幂律指数、井筒储集系数、表皮系数、渗透率、探测半径、外边界距离等地层参数。两种试井模型的相关实例解释分析表明,非牛顿幂律流均质模型与非牛顿幂律–牛顿流两区复合模型的压力导数特征点求取地层参数的计算式是准确的,可用于聚合物驱等非牛顿渗流条件下的试井解释。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that