类器官芯片在疾病体外模型中的应用

 类器官芯片是利用器官芯片独有的优势,体外构建类器官可控的理化微环境,使得类器官更能反应来源组织器官的结构和功能,从而更好地模拟器官的生理和疾病状态,是目前最具潜力的疾病体外模型之一。概述了传统类器官、器官芯片以及类器官芯片在疾病体外模型构建中的应用进展,提出了类器官芯片在疾病模型构建中存在的问题及可能解决的方案。     

针灸器具沿革及其动因分析与思考

 通过总结针灸器具的沿革与发展历史，理解其演变的成因，思考其对针灸技法发展、理论建构、国际交流等方面的影响。首先对针灸器具的范畴进行了界定，并阐述了这一范畴的根据；汇总了古今针具、灸具的分别使用情况、创新的节点、现代的境况等，建构了新的论述逻辑；探索了针灸器具的演变趋势与人们的主动选择，挖掘了促成这种沿革的客观动因，反思了针灸器具的变化对“针灸学”本身带来的冲击和影响，思考了中医在传统与现代、东方与西方的对话中的抉择与姿态。     

地理环境与贵州经济发展

鉴于地理环境在人类社会发展中的基础地位,研究任何时期任何国家与地区的社会经济发展,都不能忽视地理环境的影响。“山”是贵州地理环境的最大特征,它对贵州过去的经济发展产生了什么样的影响?在今后的经济发展中,又该如何发挥其“比较优势”?是值得我们深入思考的问题。     

Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance

Antibiotics--compounds that are literally 'against life'--are typically antibacterial drugs, interfering with some structure or process that is essential to bacterial growth or survival without harm to the eukaryotic host harbouring the infecting bacteria. We live in an era when antibiotic resistance has spread at an alarming rate and when dire predictions concerning the lack of effective antibacterial drugs occur with increasing frequency. In this context it is apposite to ask a few simple questions about these life-saving molecules. What are antibiotics? Where do they come from? How do they work? Why do they stop being effective? How do we find new antibiotics? And can we slow down the development of antibiotic-resistant superbugs?     

成人普通话学习的特点及其策略

文章认为，成人学习普通话既不同于儿童的母语习得，又有别于第二语言的学习；要取得比较好的效果，就必须采取三种策略：系统策略，重点策略，内化策略。     

室内热环境对人体热舒适的影响

从生理心理学角度分析室内热环境参数;再从热平衡的角度引入人体热舒适的概念,并提出改善室内热环境、提高人体热舒适的措施.通过分析室内热环境对人体热舒适的影响和理论研究中存在的问题和不足,指出一些建议.     

精神分析视角下自我发生的关键特征

人的自我发展的第一个重要任务是在心理上能区分自我和他人,即自我的发生。自我的发生需要哪些条件?它的出现具有哪些特征?它的出现时间如何界定?追问这些问题,描绘出自我发生的路线图,深化对自我发展历程的理解,使人们能够据此及时创设适宜的养育环境,从而有利于个体健康自我的形成和发展。梳理精神分析学派关于自我发生的观点可以总结出自我发生的4个关键特征:个体主观全能感的减弱和实现感的获得;次级过程的组织和执行;客体识别能力的获得与心理的分离和个体化;客体关系的建立。     

“澄清式”大学生职业价值观教育探究

在高校综合改革和社会经济转型的背景下,大学生职业价值观面临新的挑战,开展大学生职业价值观教育是高校解答“为谁培养人,培养什么人,怎么培养人”的关键要素之一。以大学生职业价值观教育现状为出发点,分析传统职业价值观教育的问题和短板,以及价值澄清理论在大学生职业价值观教育中的借鉴意义。同时,以路易斯·拉思斯的价值澄清理论为基础,引入价值澄清方法中的对话策略、书写策略和讨论策略,结合大学生特点和案例分析,从职业价值观教育的目标、内容和途径三个维度,探索和设计“澄清式”大学生职业价值观教育方案,为大学生树立正确合理的职业价值观和学校的职业价值观教育工作提供参考。     

基于MD-CGAN的脑部肿瘤图像生成方法研究

深度学习已广泛用于脑部磁共振（MR）图像分析中,但脑部肿瘤MR图像样本不足会严重影响深度学习模型的性能.提出基于多鉴别器循环一致性生成对抗网络（MD-CGAN）的样本生成方法 .利用所提出的MD-CGAN生成脑部肿瘤病理区域图像,将生成的脑部肿瘤病理区域图像覆盖脑部正常图像子区域,合成得到脑部肿瘤MR图像. MD-CG...     

关于逻辑可修正性及相关问题的若干思考

逻辑真理是可错的吗?逻辑是可修正的吗?这些问题因为奎因的系统论述而备受关注,引发了国内外学者的热烈讨论和长期的争议。由于逻辑本被公认的普遍适用性和逻辑真理在逻辑系统中所居的特殊地位,对这些问题的不同回答对逻辑学甚至其他亲缘学科会带来不同的影响。通过梳理评判各家之言后认为,逻辑是可修正的,但逻辑真理是不可错的。     

Origins of major human infectious diseases

Many of the major human infectious diseases, including some now confined to humans and absent from animals, are 'new' ones that arose only after the origins of agriculture. Where did they come from? Why are they overwhelmingly of Old World origins? Here we show that answers to these questions are different for tropical and temperate diseases; for instance, in the relative importance of domestic animals and wild primates as sources. We identify five intermediate stages through which a pathogen exclusively infecting animals may become transformed into a pathogen exclusively infecting humans. We propose an initiative to resolve disputed origins of major diseases, and a global early warning system to monitor pathogens infecting individuals exposed to wild animals.     

Sleep is of the brain, by the brain and for the brain

Sleep is a widespread biological phenomenon, and its scientific study is proceeding at multiple levels at the same time. Marked progress is being made in answering three fundamental questions: what is sleep, what are its mechanisms and what are its functions? The most salient answers to these questions have resulted from applying new techniques from basic and applied neuroscience research. The study of sleep is also shedding light on our understanding of consciousness, which undergoes alteration in parallel with sleep-induced changes in the brain.     

An inducible promoter fused to the period gene in Drosophila conditionally rescues adult per-mutant arrhythmicity

The period (per) gene of Drosophila melanogaster is involved in the expression of circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in adult flies. Molecular studies of per (reviewed in ref. 2) have shown that the transcribed and translated products of this gene are present primarily at the embryonic, pupal and adult stages. Here we describe experiments with arrhythmic per mutants bearing an inducible form of this gene which indicate that strongly rhythmic adult behaviour can be obtained only if per expression is induced in the adult, independent of its history of expression earlier in development. Thus per-mutant locomotor-activity phenotypes seem not to result from abnormalities in the development of neural structures or in physiological processes that may be required at pre-adult stages for the expression of this circadian rhythm. Moreover, the action of per after light:dark cycle entrainment seems to be sufficient for activity rhythms to be exhibited in constant darkness; this suggests further that the per product is required only during the time that the rhythmic behaviour is being manifested. Our strategy used a heat-shock gene promotor fused to per coding sequences to obtain conditional gene expression. Heat-shock promoter-driven genes have previously been used to study the mode of action and tissue specificity of a variety of Drosophila genes; our experiments on circadian rhythms demonstrate the use of such gene constructions for the temporal manipulation of genes whose phenotypes, behavioural and otherwise, affect whole organisms.     

Multifractal mass exponent spectrum of complex physiological time series

Physiological signal belongs to the kind of nonstationary and time-variant ones. Thus, the nonlinear analysis methods may be better to disclose its characteristics and mechanisms. There have been plenty of evidences that physiological signal generated by complex self-regulated system may have a fractal structure. In this work, we introduce a new measure to characterize multifractality, the mass exponent spectrum curvature, which can disclose the complexity of fractal structure from total bending degree of the spectrum. This parameter represents the nonlinear superpositions of the discrepancies of fractal dimension from all adjacent points in the curve and therefore solves the problem of original parameters for not fully reflecting the information of entire subsets in the fractal structure. The evaluations of deterministic fractal system Cantor measure validate that it is completely effective in exploring the complexity of chaotic series, and is also not affected by nonstability of the signal as well as disturbances of the noises. We then apply it to the analysis of human heart rate variability (HRV) signals and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The experimental results show that this method can be better to discriminate cohorts under different physiological and pathological conditions. Compared with the indicator of singularity spectrum width, there are some improvements both on the computing efficiency and accuracy. Such conclusion may provide some valuable information for clinical diagnoses.     

世界自然遗产武陵源景区环境质量现状及其对策

随着最近几年旅游开发的加速，世界自然遗产武陵源景区的环境质量已明显下降，1998年9月，联合国科教组织官员曾就此对张家界市武陵源世界自然遗产的保护和管理提出过中肯的批评意见。本试图通过对武陵源景区最近几年环境质量现状监测的有关数据进行分析，找出问题所在，为环境污染治理出谋划策。     

语言测试的新生儿——基于任务的语言测试

基于任务的语言测试是在上个世纪九十年代在交际语言测试的基础上产生并逐渐流行起来的,是语言测试的新生儿。什么是基于任务的语言测试?它作为一种新的语言测试方法,存在哪些问题和挑战?笔者就这些问题进行分析和探讨。     

Coordination of circadian timing in mammals

Time in the biological sense is measured by cycles that range from milliseconds to years. Circadian rhythms, which measure time on a scale of 24 h, are generated by one of the most ubiquitous and well-studied timing systems. At the core of this timing mechanism is an intricate molecular mechanism that ticks away in many different tissues throughout the body. However, these independent rhythms are tamed by a master clock in the brain, which coordinates tissue-specific rhythms according to light input it receives from the outside world.